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elderly female patient, history of osteoporosis, chronic type II diabetes…

- - - - work with circulatory system to remove waste from blood that is produced during metabolism
      - monitor pH, Ion concentrations, fluid concentration
    - - kidneys
        
        retroperitoneal
        
        hilum
        
        renal artery
        
        brings blood from the descending abdominal aorta
        
        renal vein
        
        brings blood back to inferior vena cava
        
        ureter
        
        leads to bladder
        
        cortex
        
        medulla
        
        renal pyramids
        
        renal papilla
        
        drips pre urine into minor calyx
        
        then goes into major calyx
        
        1 more item...
      - bladder
        
        ureter brings urine in
        
        urethra lets urine out
        
        Trigone
  - - - contains glomerulus
        
        network of capillaries that filters plasma out of the blood
        
        in through afferent arteriole
        
        out through efferent arteriole
        
        to renal vein
    - - cuboidal epithelium with microvilli
      - reabsorbs water and solutes from filtrate and secretes substances into it
    - - contains cells similar to the PCT
    - - contains cuboidal and even low columnar cells
    - - cuboidal cells but lack microvilli
    - - principle cells
        
        short microvilli
        
        maintain bodies sodium ion and water balance
      - intercalated cells
        
        cuboidal cells with microvilli
        
        acid-base balance in the blood
    - - contains simple squamous cells
  - - - takes place in renal corpuscle
      - produces cell free filtrate
      - Glomerular filtration
    - - tubular re-absorption
      - moves substances from filtrate back into the blood
      - takes place in renal tubules and collecting ducts
      - reclaims almost everything filtered
      - glucose, amino acid, salt, 99 percent of water
    - - tubular secretion
      - moving select substances from blood to filtrate
      - occurs in length of tubule and collecting duct
  - - - disease where density of bone is reduced
      - symptoms
        
        Back pain, caused by a fractured or collapsed vertebra
        
        Loss of height over time
        
        stooped posture
        
        A bone that breaks much more easily than expected
      - causes
        
        genetics
        
        age
        
        race
        
        hormone imbalances such as overactive adrenal glands
    - - body resists the effects of insulin or doesn't produce enough insulin to maintain normal glucose levels.
      - symptoms
        
        Increased thirst
        
        Frequent urination
        
        Increased hunger
        
        Unintended weight loss
        
        Fatigue
        
        Frequent infections
      - causes
        
        genetics
        
        mainly lifestyle
    - - A condition in which the force of the blood against the artery walls is too high.
      - symptoms
        
        none usually
      - causes of secondary hypertension
        
        Kidney problems
        
        Adrenal gland tumors
        
        Thyroid problems
        
        Certain defects you're born with (congenital) in blood vessels
- - - - caused by a narrowing in the arteries that deliver blood to the kidney.
      - because the kidneys are not receiving blood the kidneys treat it like dehydration and retain more sodium in and water
      - the excess fluid causes the blood pressure to go up
- - - - controlling blood sugar with diet, exercise
      - limit protein, salt, and cholesterol