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34yr old man diagnosed with Aids (PHYSIOLOGY (Systems (Circulatory system,…
34yr old man diagnosed with Aids
Death
Virus infects the body inside
No more antibodies formed
Organs become damaged
Systems begin to fail
Organ failure
PHYSIOLOGY
Systems
Circulatory system
Transports nutrients, gases, other hormones; regulates temperature
Lymphatic system
Return fluid to blood and circulation
Immune system
Is to protect the body against diseases or other potentially damaging foreign bodies
Respiratory system
Acid/base balance and gas exchange
Lymphatic
Lymph vessels
Lymph: Fluid in vessels
Lymph nodes: Cleanses lymph
Defense lines :
Innate (Nonspecific)
First line
External body membranes
Skin and mucosae
Second line
Antimicrobial proteins
Phagocytes and other cells
White blood cells that ingest and digest (eat) foreign invaders
Phagocytes
Natural killer cells
Inflammatory response
Triggered when body tissue are injured
Large granular lymphocytes that police the blood and lymph
"Poke"with perforin
Becomes activated once they become in contact with anything foreign
The skin is the first defense and the mucosae that traps the antigens from going further
Once this doesn't work the phagocytes play a role in eating all the foreign cells
Adaptive (Specific)
Third line
Attacks particular foreign substances
B cells
Antibodies
T cells
Destroys foreign cells
Cellular immunity
Humoral immunity
Antibodies produced by B lymphocytes
Active
Occurs when B cells encounter antigens and produce specific antibodies against them
Naturally acquired
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Artificially acquired
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Passive
Occurs when ready-made antibodies are introduced into the body
Naturally acquired
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Artificially acquired
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Lymphocytes act against target cells
Indirectly
By releasing chemicals that enhance inflammatory response
Activating other lymphocytes or macrophages
Directly
By killing infected cells
This becomes activated when the foreign cells make it past all the innate lines
A APC takes a piece of the antigen and presents it a T-cell
This then activates the T-cell causing it to activate the B-cell
Antibodies are then made and so are more T-helper cells
Stages of HIV
Acute HIV
Within 2 to 4 weeks after may experience a flu-like illness
Some don't show signs
Chronic HIV
Virus levels increase in your body
Some may still have no symptoms
AIDs
Have badly damaged immune system
Most severe
Transmissions
Sex (Unprotected)
Vaginal
Anal
Oral
Blood
Ex. Unclean needles or unscreened blood
Mother to baby
Labor
Nursing
Diseases
Pneumocystis Pneumonia
Kaposis Sarcoma
Lymphedema
Severe localized edema
Caused by anything blocking return of lymph to the blood
Edema
Excess fluid that causes swelling
Skin cancer that forms in the lining of blood and lymph vessels
Its caused by a yeast-like fungus in the lungs
Cells
T helper cells
Release the T cells
Activation of cytotoxic T-cells
Killer T-cells
Completes the activation of B cell
Create more T-helper cells
Enhances and activates just about everything with cytokine
Cytokine
Chemical messengers of immune system
Can enhance the APC cells working ability
Interferons: Warns other cells esp about viruses
Interleukins: stimulates immune response
B cells
Become plasma cells
Secrete antibodies
Mark antigens for destruction by phagocytosis
Red bone marrow is where they mature
T cells
Mange immune response, and some also attack and destroy infected cells and foreign cells
Macrophage
Phagocytize foreign substances and help activate T cells
Free macrophage
Fixed macrophage
Permanent residents of some organs
Stellate macrophages
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Microglia
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Wander through tissues spaces
Alveolar macrophages
Dendrite cells
Capture antigens and deliver them to the T-cells in the lymph nodes
Monocyte
Responds to chronic conditions and viruses
WBC (White blood cells)
Lymphocytes
Antigen and anitbody reactants
Eosinophil
Allergy and worm infestation
Neutrophils
Bacteria
Defensin
Basophil
Release histamine and heparin due to allergic reactions
Thymus is where they mature
T/B cell school
Immunocompetence
Must be able to recognize only 1 specific antigen
Self tolerance
Lymphocytes must be unresponsive to own antigens
Seeding secondary lymphoid organs and circulation
Exported from primary lymphoid organs to colonize secondary lymphoid organs
Antigen encounter & activation
Naive lymphocytes first encounter with antigen triggers them to delvelope more
Proliferation & differentiation
Become activated and forms an "army" of exact copies of itself "clones"
T-cells
Positive election process
Negative election process
T cell fails to recognize its own and begins to destroy them
These are then later destroyed
T cell recognizes self-MHC and keep moving
Antibodies
IgM
First antibody released
Readily fixes and activates complement
IgA
Found in mucus and other secretions
Helps prevent entry of pathogens
IgD
Attached the surface of B cells
Functions as B cell receptor
IgG
From secondary and late primary responses
Crosses placental barrier
IgE
Active in some allergies & parasitic infections
Causes mast cells & basophils to release histamine
Neutralization
Antibodies block specific sites on viruses or bacterial exotoxins
Prevent antigens from binding to receptors on tissue cells
Agglutination
Antigen-antibody complexes become cross-linked into large clumps
Precipitation
Antibodies bind with floating/unattached antigens- complexes precipitates out of solution
Complement fixation & activation
Main antibody defense against cellular antigens
Leads to cell lysis
Pathogens
Extra cellular pathogens
Foreign invaders found outside the cells
Intra cellular pathogens
Invaders that have breached the cell & are creating more inside the interstitial fluid
ANATOMY
Systems
Circulatory system
Immune system
Lymphatic system
Respiratory system
Lungs
Lymph nodes
Lymph vessels
Lymph
Blood
Stages of HIV
Actue HIV
Chronic HIV
Aids
Diseases
Pneumocystis Pneumonia
Kaposis Scarcoma
Lymphedema
Edema
Cells
T helper cells
T cells
B cells
Plasma cells
Antibodies
Red bone marrow
Macropages
Free
Fixed
Dendritic cells
Monocytes
White blood cells
Neutrophils
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Thymus
Immunocompetence
Self-tolerance
Seeding secondary lymphoid organs & circulation
Antigen encounter and activation
Proliferation and differentiation
Cytokines
Postive/ negative selection process
Cytotoxic T-cells
Antibody types
IgM
IgA
IgD
IgG
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Neutralization
Agglutination
Precipitation
Complement Fixation
Transmissions
Sex
Blood
Mother to baby
Densense line
Innate
First line
Skin / mucosae
Second line
Phagocytes
Natural killer cells
Inflammatory response
Adaptive
Third line
T Cells
B cells
Humoral immunity
Active
Naturally acquired
Artificially acquired
Passive
Naturally acquired
Artificially acquired
Cellular Immunity
Directly
Indirectly
Pathogens
Intracellular
Extracellular
Progressed to stage 3 HIV
Didn’t take care of himself
Had no symptoms what so ever, assumed the test was wrong
Diagnosed with HIV a year ago
Immune system
Virus attacking Th cells
No antibodies produced
Nothing to fight off infections
More prone to diseases
Circulatory system
Virus contaminated the blood
No macrophages
Blood becomes more contaminated
Virus spread all over the body
Respiratory system
Yeast- like fungus in the lungs
Pneumocystis Pneumonia
Lungs become infected
Breathing problems
Suffocation
Kaposis Sarcoma
HIV infected cells divide
Cells begin to spread
Migrate into the surrounding tissues
Come off as tumors
Infect the lymph nodes, lungs, mouth and digestive tract
Lymphatic system
KS cells can block lymph flow
Excess fluid buildup
Tissues become to swell
Lymphedema