Britain Health and the people
Surgery and Anatomy
Public Health
Disease and Infection
Many things hindered medicine like their belief in God as they thought that God caused disease. Medicine has improved massively over the years. Thanks to all these people
Pare (Renaissance). He was an army surgeon that used boiling oil to seal up wounds (cauterisation) however one day he ran out so used a natural remedy of rose water, turpentine and egg yolk to seal it up and it worked. In the morning he found that the soldiers with the herbal remedy where in less pain and had less infection than the ones with the oil. From this he then stopped cauterising with hot oil and used alternatives like ligatures however this still caused infection as they weren’t sterile. He developed surgical tools that are still used today. War, Chance, Individual Brilliance
Vesalius (Renaissance). He proved Galen wrong by saying about the shape of the liver, having 2 jawbones, how the heart works and the location of the kidney. he wrote all of his findings in books that other scientists used like Geminus in Britain. Key Individuals, Communication, Religion, Science and Technology
Hunter (Early Industrial Revolution). He collected human and animal specimens and then studied them to develop better surgical techniques. Also, he opposed opening up wounds unless it was to remove shrapnel. Through his findings, he made surgery more professional and responsible however some were wary of his ideas. Developed new techniques for treating wounds. Individual Brilliance, Communication, Scientific Method
Simpson (Industrial Revolution). He discovered that if you inhaled chloroform, it would keep you asleep. This meant that surgery could be more controlled as people were less likely to die from shock from the pain. However, this led to surgeons being more confident and doing more invasive surgery that cause more infection for the patient. Many people were against using chloroform as they didn’t know what that would mean for them. Also, Queen Victoria used it during childbirth. Key Individuals, Chance, Science and Technology
Harvey (Renaissance). Harvey proved Galen wrong but saying that the heart pumped blood around the body through veins and arteries. He said that there could maybe be something smaller to that we know now as capillaries however the microscopes were not powerful enough. With this, he proved that blood could last up to 12 weeks. As people were stuck in their beliefs, his work didn’t do much until 300 years later and especially when Barnard did the first heart transplant. Individual Brilliance, Science and Technology
Lister (Industrial Revolution). After germ theory was discovered, carbolic acid was used to kill germs. He developed a spraying pump that sprayed the surgeons hands before they did surgery, on wounds and soaked bandages in it, from this death rate fell by 40%. However, surgeons hands would be damaged by the acid and so had to be stopped. Carbolic acid wasn’t used after that however paved a way for others to think about killing germs. Key Individuals, Communication, Science and Technology
Halsted (Industrial Revolution). He developed Lister’s work further by stopping germs being there in the first place through the use of hats, gloves,masks and protective gowns in surgery. Surgeons still use all of this equipment today. Key Individuals, Communication, Science and technology
McIndoe (20th century). Developed plastic surgery in World War 2 to give skin grafts for burned victims. Developed the technique of tube pedicle. Worked massively with survivors to help their self esteem. Saved hundreds of soldiers whether that was mentally or physically. War, Key Individuals, Communication, Science and Technology
Booth (20th Century). Published a book about ⅓ of London being in poverty. He said that old people are more vulnerable and should get a pension. His work helped persuade the government to introduce social reforms and this led to the Social Liberal Reforms. Communication, Individual Brilliance
Bazalgette (Industrial Revolution).He was an engineer that created the sewage system for London. His work ended the Great Stink. The sewage system helped the outbreaks of cholera and cholera never returned. The sewage system still in London and helped other towns with their hygiene as more sewers were built. Individual Brilliance, Science and Technology
Beveridge (20th Century). In 1942 he wrote the Beveridge Report saying that society should be free from poverty and that social welfare should be changed to make sure poverty would end. His work coincided with WW2. Led to the creation of the NHS. Communication, Individual Brilliance
Jon Snow (Industrial Revolution).Found out that cholera spreads in water. He saw that people in a certain area were getting cholera and so took the tap off and the deaths stopped. He told the government and they had to do
something about it. It took 20 years to impact society. Once the government found out the germs cause disease, Snow's work made more sense and was taken seriously, then contributed to the second public health act. Individual Brilliance, Science and technology
Florence Nightingale. She asked nurses that worked with her to work overnight to see if patients got worse and to help them if they did. She decided that if you cleaned the sheets, floors, and wounds of patients so infection didn’t spread. Changed life in hospitals and in war makeshift hospitals because the infection wasn’t such a big problem while people were trying to get better. Individual Brilliance, War
Rowntree (20th Century).Studied poor people in poverty and found out that being in poverty was caused by sickness and old age not drunkenness and laziness. This changed attitudes towards the poor. Supported Booth in his report and helped to persuade the government to introduce the Liberal Reforms.This introduce the fact the people had to help the old, young and ill. Communication, Government, Key Individuals
Bevan (20th Century). Was the minister behind the NHS. Introduced healthcare that is free for everyone, from cradle to the grave. Ended the uncoordinated system, rich healthy poor not
NHS transformed healthcare in Britain and it still exists to this day. Government, Key Individuals
Hippocrates (Ancient Greece).He created his own theory that was the Theory of Four humours. He believed that if your Four Humours were unbalanced then that was why you would become ill. Four Humours are Phlegm, Blood, Black Bile and Yellow Bile. The reason why he created the four humours was because he believed that the supernatural didn’t cause disease. He wrote many books as well as created the Hippocratic Oath which is still used to this day however changes have been made. Helped and Hindered medicine as he inspired Islamic doctors as well as Galen. Communication, Individual Brilliance
Galen (Ancient Rome). Developed the Theory of For Humours with his own of the Theory of Opposites. The theory of Opposites is a way to treat the four humors if they are unbalanced. He linked it to the seasons for example- too much phlegm it would be winter as it is cold and wet so treatment would be something hot and dry. His theory lasted a very long while as the church approved of it however it hindered medicine a lot through his beliefs about the human body and they were all wrong. Communication, Key individuals
Rhazes (Islamic World).He set up a hospital by hanging up meat around his town. This was because he wanted to see why the meat went off quickly or slowly and where it went off slowly, that was where he built a hospital. Wrote medical books and encyclopedia. His books were used in early medical; universities and there were some great natural remedies to treat patients with. Key Individuals, Communication
Avicenna (Islamic World). Wrote a book called the Canon of Medicine. Based his work off of the Theory of Four Humours and Theory of Opposites but developed them a lot further. His books were translated into Latin so England could read them and evance their medine. His book was used as the main text book in medical school throughout the 1700’s .Communication, Key Individuals
Jenner (Industrial Revolution).He discovered the first vaccine for Smallpox using Cowpox. Noticed that milkmaids who had cowpox on their hands didn’t get smallpox, so he got an 8yr boy and scraped the pus from cowpox into an open wound, once healed from cowpox, scraped smallpox pus into the same wound and the boy didn’t die from smallpox.No one believe him as there was no evidence to why it worked. Much more important 70 years later after germ theory came out. People understood what happened. Vaccines are used today. Key Individuals, Chance, Science and Technology
Pasteur (Industrial Revolution). He found out about GERMS- The Germ Theory. He was hired by a beer company to see why their beer was going sour quickly, put the beer under the microscope and saw that i that it had tiny microbes that he decided was germs and this was the reason why the beer was going off. Developed different vaccines that worked. He proved that germs were real and not spontaneous generation. Proved Jenner right. Chance, Individual Brilliance, Communication, Science and Technolgy
Koch (Industrial Revolution). Different Germs Cause Different Disease. Successfully identified the germs that caused TB, septicemia, anthrax, and cholera. Used photography, microscopes, and dyes to help him. Developed a solid culture to breed colonies of germs on. Developed work of Pasteur, his methods are used by others, Roberts and Cheyne convinced others about Koch’s work. War, Communication, Science and Technology