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An elderly female patient has a history of osteoporosis, chronic type 2…

- - - - ureter
      - renal pelvis
      - major calyx
      - minor calyx
      - collecting ducts
      - renal tubules
      - renal medulla
      - renal cortex
      - renal pyramid
      - renal papilla
    - - entrance spots
      - detrusor muscle
      - urethra
      - trigone
    - - Glomerular Capillaries
      - Proximal convoluted tubule
      - descending nephron loop
      - ascending nephron loop
      - loop of Henle
      - distal convoluted tubule
      - collecting duct
      - collecting tubule
      - efferent arteriole
      - afferent arteriole
      - interlobular artery/ vein
      - renal corpuscle
      - peritubular capillaries
      - vasa recta
  - - - funnel for urine into urethra
      - signals brain when its stretched and needs to be emptied
    - - entrance for ureters into bladder
    - - stores urine and allows micturitionto occur
    - - muscle that controls urine storage and release
    - - tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body
    - - make urine by filtering waste and extra water from blood
    - - tube that allows urine to pass from the kidneys to the bladder
    - - point where two or three major calices join together
    - - urine passes through before continuing through to renal pelvis
    - - merge with two or three minor calyx to form major calyx
    - - control electrolyte and fluid balance
    - - transport urine from the cortical to outer part of kidney
    - - provides a space for arterioles and venules and glomerular capillaries to prefuse with nephrons
    - - contains structures of nephrons responsible for maintaining the salt and water balance in the blood
    - - location where renal pyramids in the medulla empty urine into the minor calyx in the kidney
    - - carry blood to glomeruli
    - - group of blood vessels that supply the nephrons
    - - separates water, ions and small molecules from the blood, filter wastes and toxins and return need molecules to the blood
    - - preforms the first steo in filtration of blood to form urine
    - - functions in the resorption of sugar, sodium, chloride and water from glomerular filtrate
    - - has low permeability to ions and urea while being highly permeable to water
    - - recovery of water and sodium chloride from the urine
    - - drains urine into the DCT
    - - regulates pH by absorbing bicarbonate and secreting protons into filtrate.
    - - concentrate and transport urine from the nephron
    - - carry blood away from glomeruli
    - - filters blood
    - - allow reabsorption and secretion between blood and the lumen of the nephron
    - - supplies blood to the medulla
  - - - filtration begins when blood plasma is filtered at the glomerulus
        
        both water and solutes move from the blood plasma across the filtration membrane
        
        they then move into the capsular space to form filtrate
        
        filtrate then enters the proixmal covoluted tubule where it is now called tubular fluid
        
        it flows through the PCT, nephron loop, and DCT.
        
        tubular fluid from several DCT enters into small collecting tubules that empty into larger collecting ducts.
        
        1 more item...
      - the movement of substances from the blood with in the glomerulus into the capsular space
    - - the movement of substances from the tubular fluid back into the blood.
      - in the PCT hydrogen is being reabsorbed
      - NH3 is being reabsorbed in the PCT
      - in the DCT K+ and H+ are being reabsorbed
    - - the movement of substances from the blood into the tubular fluid
      - In the PCT HCO3- is being secreted out
      - In the PCT NaCl , H20, and K+ are being secreted out
      - In the PCT nutrients are being secreted out
      - In the descending loop H20 is being secreted out
      - In the loop of Henle NaCl is being secreted out
      - In the ascending loop NaCl continues to be secreted out
      - In the DCT NaCl, H20, and HCO3- are all being secreted out
      - In the collecting ducts secretion continues of NaCl, urea and H20
- - - - inadequate levels of calcium and phosphorus can lead to osteoporosis
    - - chronic kidney disorder causes mineral and bone disorders because the kidneys do not balance the mineral levels in the body
  - - - pulling water into tubular fluid and causing addition loss of fluid in the urine
    - - this causes wastes to build up in your body
- - - - What further effects can this have
        
        this can disrupt blood pressure and fluid balance in the body
  - - - over time high sugar levels in blood can cause these vessels to become narrow and clogged
        
        without enough blood the kidneys become damaged and albumin passes through these filters and ends up in the urine
        
        What further effects can this have
        
        this could destroy the kidneys ability to filter
  - - - calcium is then passing through the kidneys too often causing them too work harder
        
        What further effects can this have
        
        this can lead to dehydration and increased thirst
        
        can also lead to stomach pain and digestive problems
  - - - could lead to kidney damage and or eye damage
      - increased risk of heart attack or stroke
    - - this could lead to heart disease and stroke
      - could lead to hardening and thickening of arteries
    - - can lead to serious bone breaks and fracture
      - can lead to disability