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Immune : (what to tell patient (indirect (can effect bones and make them…

- - - - macrophages remove/destroy unwanted microorganisms and debris that enter lymph before they have the chance to enter the blood
      - activate immune system; lymphocytes hangout and attack against antigens
      - act as lymph filters
      - surrounded by external fibrous capsule and has trabeculae
      - cortex
        
        superficial cortex: contains follicles with germinal centers that are heavy with dividing B-cells
        
        deep cortex: houses T-cells in transit. T-cells circulate continuously in blood, lymph nodes and lymph
        
        abundant number of dendritic cells: transport antigens to T-cells & activate them, patrol epithelial tissue
        
        surround medulla
      - medulla
        
        Medullary cords extend inward from cortex and contain B cells, T
        cells, and plasma cells (B cells that produce antibodies)
        
        center of lymph node
      - lymphy sinuses:
        
        Consist of large lymphatic capillaries spanned by crisscrossing
        reticular fibers
        
        Macrophages reside on fibers, checking for and phagocytizing any
        foreign matter
      - afferent and efferent pathways
      - regional nodes: cervical, axillary, inguinal
    - - Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
      - Protects from pathogens trying to enter body
      - Found in mucosa of respiratory tract, genitourinary organs, digestive
        tract
      - peyers patch and appendix: Destroy bacteria, preventing them from breaching intestinal wall & Generate “memory” lymphocytes
      - tonsils
    - - pharyngeal also called adenoids
      - linguinal
      - palatine most infected and largest
      - tubal
      - Contain follicles with germinal centers and scattered lymphocytes
      - gather and remove pathogens from food and air
      - Overlying epithelium invaginates, forming tonsillar crypts
      - no capsule
      - bacteria and pathogens enter crypts and are trapped and destroyed
      - immune system activated and creates memory cells against these potential pathogens
    - - red pulp
        
        old blood and bloodborne pathogens destroyed
        
        mainly RBC and macrophages
      - white pulp
        
        where immune functions occur
        
        clusters found on central arteries
        
        mostly lymphocytes on reticular fibers
      - cleanses blood
      - stored broken down parts of RBC (iron) for reuse
      - Served by splenic artery and vein, which enter and exit at the hilum
      - Site of lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and
        response
      - stores monocytes and platelets for when needed
      - may be site of fetal erythrocyte production
      - has capsule and trabaculae
    - - protect you from the outside world, act as barrier
      - skin is acidic
    - - lymph flows through vessels to lymph nodes
    - - filter blood
      - contain large amount of phacocytic cells
  - - - where T-cells mature
      - capsule, cortex, medulla, thymic corpusle
      - largest and most active in children, slowly atrophies
    - - where B-cells mature
  - - - external membranes; skin and mucosae
        
        defensins
        
        enzymes
        
        acid
        
        mucin
    - - antimicrobial proteins
        
        complement proteins for bacteria
        
        interferons for viruses
      - Inflammatory response
        
        heat
        
        swelling
        
        redness
        
        pain
        
        triggered when body tissues are injured
        
        histamine released by mast cells and basophills
      - NK cells
        
        pokes cells wither perforin and injects granzymes
        
        causes cell apoptosis
      - phagocytes
        
        opsonization: tag pathogen for destruction
      - fever
        
        Pyrogens act on body’s thermostat in hypothalamus, raising body temperature
    - - 3rd line of defense
      - attacks particular foreign substances
      - specific; recognized and targets specific antigens
      - takes longer to react than innate
      - T-cells and B-cells
      - eliminates almost any pathogen and abnormal cell in body
      - systemic; not restricted to initial site
      - memory; creates an even stronger attack to "known" antigens
      - 2 main branches
        
        humoral immunity
        
        B lymphocytes secrete antigens that float freely in body fluid
        
        bind temporarily to body cells; temp. inactivate or mark for destruction by phagocytes or complement
        
        antibody mediated immunity
        
        outside cell
        
        B cell engulfs antigens and places a piece of it on its receptor
        
        Activated by T helper cell
        
        army of effector cells reaiply multiply;
        
        plasma cells secrete antibodies at a rate of 2000 m per sec. for 4-5 days
        
        primary immune response: 1st exposure to antigen take longer to multiply and differentiate
        
        secondary immune response: re-exposure reacts faster and more prolonged
        
        active
        
        naturally acquired: infection contact w pathogen
        
        artificially acquired: vaccine; dead or attenuated pathogens
        
        passive
        
        injection of plasma or serum, exogenous antibodies(gamma globulins)
        
        naturally: antibodies from mother to fetus from placenta or breast milk.
        
        cellular immunity
        
        lymphocytes
        
        directly kill infected cells
        
        cell meditated immunity
        
        indirectly; release chemicals that enhance inflammatory response or activate other macrophages and lymphocytes
        
        inside cell
        
        antigens
        
        complete
        
        large immunogenic(stimulates army) and reactive (reactes with lymphocytes and any antibody)
        
        incomplete (haptens)
        
        involve molecules too small to be seen so are not immunogenic by themselves
        
        become immunogenic if hapten attaches ti body's own protein; then seen as foreign
        
        ex poison ivy, detergents, animal dander
        
        self-antigen
        
        harmless to slef
        
        MCH protiens
        
        MHC I
        
        on all nucleated cells
        
        coded by genes
        
        unique to each individual
        
        T- lymphocytes can recognize only antigens that are presented on MHC proteins
        
        recognized by CD8 cells cytotoxic cells
        
        endogenous; intracellular pathogens or proteins made by cancerous cells.
        
        MHC II
        
        these proteins carry a piece of the antigen
        
        recognized by CD4 TH cells
        
        displayed by APCs
        
        exogenous; phagocytized extracellular pathogens
        
        a display of self protiens
        
        all cells are covered with variety of proteins located on surface
        
        antigenic determinants :
        
        parts of antigen that antibodies or lymphocyte receptors bind to
        
        part of antigen that is stimulating the army creation
        
        antigen presenting cells (APC)
        
        antibodies (immunoglobulins)
        
        igA
        
        found in mucus and other secretions
        
        helps prevent entry of pathogens
        
        igD
        
        attached to surface of B cells
        
        functions as B cell receptor
        
        igM
        
        potent aggluating agent
        
        readily fixes and activated complement
        
        1st antibody release
        
        igE
        
        active in some allergies and parasitic infections
        
        causes mast cells and basophills to release histamine
        
        igG
        
        from secondary and late primary responses
        
        crossed placental barrier
        
        75-85% of antibodies in plasma
        
        Antibodies do not destroy antigens; they inactivate and tag
        them for destruction by innate defenses
        
        complement fixation
        
        main antibody defense against cellular antigens (bacteria, mismatched RBCs)
        
        complex fixation leads to cell lysis, as well as other complex functions
        
        ex: amplification of inflamitory response, opsonization
        
        Antigen-antibody complexes do not destroy antigens; they
        prepare them for destruction by innate defenses
        
        precipitation
        
        antibodies bind with floating/unattached antigens-complexes precipitate out of solution
        
        eaten by phagocytes
        
        neutralization
        
        prevent antigens from binding to receptors on tissue cells ( blocks,lock and key)
        
        antigen-antibody complexes undergo phagocytosis
        
        antibodies block specific sites on viruses or bacterial exotoxins
        
        aggulation
        
        antigen-antibody complexes become cross-linked into large clumps
        
        ex; clumping of mismatched blood cells
        
        immunoglobulins(igs) protein secreted by plasma cells
        
        capable of binding specifically with antigen detected by B cells
        
        IgM is release during primary response, but plasma cells cam switch to IgG for secondary response(almost all secondary response are IgG)
        
        plasma cells can switch from making one class of antibodies to another
        
        antibodies go after extracellular pathogens
        
        foreign substances/molecules that can mobilize adaptive defenses and provoke an immune response
    - - phagocytes:
        
        macrophages:
        
        chief phagocytic cells
        
        free: wander through tissue spaces
        
        develop from monocytes
        
        fixed: permanent resident of some organs
        
        neutrophills
        
        rapidly ingests microorganisms and digests them
        
        die fast and, turn into pus
        
        most abundant 60-70% of blood
        
        use definsins to pierce membrane of pathogens
        
        fight infections
        
        elevated count signifies bacterial infection
        
        white blood cells that ingest and digest (eat) foreign
        invaders
      - dencritic cells:
        
        Act as messengers between the innate and the adaptive immune
        systems
        
        patrol epithelial tissue
        
        traps and carries antigens to T cells in the lymph nodes
      - lymphocytes
        
        B cells
        
        B cells that don't become plasma cells become memory cells
        
        B cells: may become plasma cells, which secrete antibodies
        
        antibodies pare antigens (pathogens) as foreign for destruction
        
        25-30% of blood
        
        Formed in red bone marrow and organs of lymphatic system
        
        origin: red bone marrow
        
        maturation:
        
        primary lymphoid organs thymus and red bone marrow
        
        immunocompetence; must be able to recognize only one antigen
        
        self tolerance; must be unresponsive to own antigens
        
        seeding secondary lymphoid organs and circulation to increase antigen exposure
        
        antigen encounter and activation; naive lymphocytes 1st encounter w antigen
        
        proliferation and differentiation; clone for army. effector or memory cell
        
        T cells
        
        positive selection
        
        negative selection
        
        manage immune response, and some also attack and
        destroy infected cells or foreign cells
        
        Genes, not antigens, determine which foreign substances the
        immune system will recognize
      - reticular cells:
        
        creates fibers in lymph organs
        
        serves as cite for lymphocytes to rest and attack pathogens
        
        similar to fibroblast
      - natural killer cells:
        
        can kill you own cells if they are infected with viruses or have become cancerous
        
        pokes cell with enzyme (perforin) fills the cell with ganzymes, that triggers apoptosis
        
        nonphagocytic
        
        Secrete cytokines that enhance inflammatory response in phagocyte
        
        activated by interferon
      - monocytes
        
        turn into macrophages
        
        clean up dead cells
        
        3-9% in blood
        
        largest WBC
        
        Elevated count signifies viral infection or chronic condition
        
        fights bacteria
      - basophills
        
        elevated indicates allergic reactions
        
        .3-1% in blood
        
        secrete heparin and histamine
      - eiosinophills
        
        1-3% in blood
        
        elevated allergic reaction or parasitic worm
      - antigen presenting cells (APA)
        
        dendritic cells
        
        key link between innate and adaptive immunity
        
        phagocytize pathogens in skin/mucus membranes
        
        most effective antigen presented known
        
        enter lymphatics and go to T cells in lymph nodes
        
        macrophages
        
        present antigen to T cells, which not only activates T cells. also further activates macrophages
        
        activated macrophages becomes voracious phagocytic killer
        
        phagocytize pathogens in connective and lymphoid organs
        
        triggers powerful inflammatory responses and recruit additional defenses
        
        Engulf antigens and present fragments of antigens to T cells for
        recognition
        
        B cells
        
        B cell activated into army
        
        present antigens to helper T cells
        
        helper T- lymphocyte
        
        antigen binding or cytikines
        
        activate b cells and other T cells
        
        CD4 protien
        
        cytotoxic T-lymphocyte
        
        directly kills
        
        capable if destroying cells that foreign antigens have invaded
        
        CD8 protien
        
        regulatory T cells
        
        controll the immune response of T cells
        
        memory T cells
        
        remember a previous antigenic event
        
        important in preventing autoimmune disease
        
        regulate or dampen/decrease immune response by direct contact or secreting inhibitory cytokines
        
        activation and differentiation of T cells
        
        step 2: co-stimulation
        
        1 more item...
        
        proliferation and differentation
        
        5 more items...
        
        step 1: antigen binding
        
        1 more item...
        
        MHC I
        
        activated Tc cells circulate in blood and lymph and lymphoic organs in search of body cells displaying the antigen the recognize
        
        lethal hit; uses perforin and granzymes
        
        inform macrophages/dendritic cells of a problem; strengths them also
        
        MHC II
        
        do not respond to specific antigens
- - - - night sweats
      - diarrhea
      - chills
      - headache
      - fever
      - muscle aches
      - joint pain
      - sore throat
- - - - simple saliva or blood test can detect antibodies
      - when contracted the immune system produces antibodies against the virus
      - can take several weeks after transmission for the HIV antibody test to come back positive.
      - This test can detect HIV just days after infection.
      - Another test looks for antigens, which are proteins produced by the virus, and antibodies.
    - - The immune system brings the infection under control. (latent period)
      - HIV usually causes flu-like symptoms about two to four weeks after transmission. (Acute period)
    - - bodily fluids
      - sexual activity
      - sharing needles
      - mother can transmit the virus to their child during pregnancy/birth
      - blood splatter in eye, open wound, mouth ect
  - - - When the cells have dropped to 200, a person with HIV is considered to have stage 3 HIV AKA; AIDS
      - HIV can have anywhere from 500 to 1,200 CD4 cells
      - one way healthcare providers diagnose AIDS is to do a count of CD4 cells
      - Another factor signaling that stage 3 HIV has developed is the presence of opportunistic infections.
    - - life cycle of bacteriophage that ends in the destruction of bacterial cell
      - viral infection
        
        can get vaccines
        
        hydrate
        
        antiviral medication
        
        bacterial infection
        
        MRSA
        
        UTI
        
        antibiotic
        
        step throat
        
        food poisoning
        
        if not treated depending on severity can go away in 2 weeks
        
        flu
        
        common cold
        
        virus much have host
        
        last several days to 2 weeks
        
        corona virus
      - lyscogenic stage of virus
        
        bacteriophage become incorporated into the host cells DNA