Elderly female with blood in her urine

vessels of the kidneys may be affected by blood pressure

damage to vessels in the kidneys due to high blood glucose levels and hypertension could be causing blood in the urine

Function & Anatomy of Urinary System

Disorders

Structure of Nephron

Urine Formation

Ureters

Urinary Bladder

Kidneys

Urethra

help maintain pH levels

regulate blood pressure by regulating the amount of fluid retained or lost through the urine and by secreting renin which is a component in creating angiotensin II

secrete erythropoetin which stimulates the production of erythrocytes in the red bone marrow

can engage in gluconeogenosis to maintain necessary glucose levels

help synthesize calcitriol which increases Ca+ absorption in the small intestines

filter blood, convert the filtrate to urine, remove waste

transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

reservoir for urine

transport urine from the urinary bladder to the exterior of the body

Renal Corpuscle

Renal Tubule

Capsular Space

Vascular Pole

Glomerulus

Tubular Pole

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

Nephron Loop

Distal Convoluted Tubule

Glomerular Capsule

Tubular Reabsorption

Tubular Secretion

Diabetes Mellitus Type II

hypertension

Osteoporosis

Glomerular Filtration

Passive separation of H2O and small solutes from blood plasma within the Glomerulus to the Capsular Space

movement of substance from the tubular fluid to the blood

movement of substances from the blood to the tubular fluid

bones become porous due to low blood Ca+ levels

associated with obesity and is caused by poor diet

DM II and hypertension are typically associated

most common in postmenopausal women due to decreased production of estrogen which stimulates bone growth

high blood glucose levels due to either a lack of insulin or faulty insulin receptors on cells

high blood pressure will eventually cause damage to vessels due to overworking/overuse

kidneys help synthesize Calcitriol - will affect osteoporosis

kidneys filter blood and DM II causes excess blood glucose levels - excessive filtration

if kidney function is low, less Calcitriol will be synthesized and osteoporosis will continue to worsen

high blood glucose levels associated with DM II will cause the kidneys to overwork, damaging the vessels

hypertension can damage the vessels, including the vessels in the kidneys such as the afferent and efferent arterioles which form the glomerulus

no changes in life style (to reduce hyperstension and treat DM II) will result in renal failure due to overworking and unstable pressures in the capillaries/glomerulus, which can lead to heart disease. if osteoporosis worsens, bones will become extremely frail, such as the head of the femur in the acetabulum leading to broken hip leading to hip replacement, which is very difficult to recover from

her age is especially important to note, as her health will only decline at more rapid rates with all of these underlying issues