Elderly female with blood in her urine
vessels of the kidneys may be affected by blood pressure
damage to vessels in the kidneys due to high blood glucose levels and hypertension could be causing blood in the urine
Function & Anatomy of Urinary System
Disorders
Structure of Nephron
Urine Formation
Ureters
Urinary Bladder
Kidneys
Urethra
help maintain pH levels
regulate blood pressure by regulating the amount of fluid retained or lost through the urine and by secreting renin which is a component in creating angiotensin II
secrete erythropoetin which stimulates the production of erythrocytes in the red bone marrow
can engage in gluconeogenosis to maintain necessary glucose levels
help synthesize calcitriol which increases Ca+ absorption in the small intestines
filter blood, convert the filtrate to urine, remove waste
transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
reservoir for urine
transport urine from the urinary bladder to the exterior of the body
Renal Corpuscle
Renal Tubule
Capsular Space
Vascular Pole
Glomerulus
Tubular Pole
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Nephron Loop
Distal Convoluted Tubule
Glomerular Capsule
Tubular Reabsorption
Tubular Secretion
Diabetes Mellitus Type II
hypertension
Osteoporosis
Glomerular Filtration
Passive separation of H2O and small solutes from blood plasma within the Glomerulus to the Capsular Space
movement of substance from the tubular fluid to the blood
movement of substances from the blood to the tubular fluid
bones become porous due to low blood Ca+ levels
associated with obesity and is caused by poor diet
DM II and hypertension are typically associated
most common in postmenopausal women due to decreased production of estrogen which stimulates bone growth
high blood glucose levels due to either a lack of insulin or faulty insulin receptors on cells
high blood pressure will eventually cause damage to vessels due to overworking/overuse
kidneys help synthesize Calcitriol - will affect osteoporosis
kidneys filter blood and DM II causes excess blood glucose levels - excessive filtration
if kidney function is low, less Calcitriol will be synthesized and osteoporosis will continue to worsen
high blood glucose levels associated with DM II will cause the kidneys to overwork, damaging the vessels
hypertension can damage the vessels, including the vessels in the kidneys such as the afferent and efferent arterioles which form the glomerulus
no changes in life style (to reduce hyperstension and treat DM II) will result in renal failure due to overworking and unstable pressures in the capillaries/glomerulus, which can lead to heart disease. if osteoporosis worsens, bones will become extremely frail, such as the head of the femur in the acetabulum leading to broken hip leading to hip replacement, which is very difficult to recover from
her age is especially important to note, as her health will only decline at more rapid rates with all of these underlying issues