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A married couple in their early 40s concered with long-term effects of…
A married couple in their early 40s concered with long-term effects of birth control/ contraceptive
Upstream
Important considerations
If the women is pregnant at the moment without knowing taking birth control can be a bad idea
Birth control pills can be harmful if
Either smokers over the age of 35 years, or anyone who stopped smoking within the last year and is over 35 years old
They are obese
Either has to take certain medications
Either has health problems such as a stroke, blood clot
Individual seeking birth control options
Age
Some birth control methods are irreversible
Culture
Some cultures don't want women using birth control
Physiology
Major functions of the reproductive system
Male reproductive system
Reproduction
Process by which new individuals (offspring) of a species produced
Sexual reproduction
Reproduction involving two parents (female and male)
Fertilization
Infusion of egg and sperm produces a zygote
Major function is to produce, maintain, and transport sperm and protective fluid to the female reproductive tract
Female reproductive system
Function in the production of female gamete (ovum or egg) and preparation for support of developing embryo during pregnacy
The female has to produce gamete and prepare reproductive organs to be able to support the embryo/fertilized egg when pregnant
Ductus system
Delivery of female gamete, it includes uterine (fallopian tube), uterus, and vagina
Ovaries; primary sex organs/ external genitalla; mon pubis, labia, vestibule, and clitoris
Events of the female hormonal cycles
Ovarian cycle
Occurs in the ovaries leading to the maturation and ovulation of mature oocyte
Made up of follicular phase and luteal phase
Luteal phase
When a follicle expels the oocyte, the empty shell become corpus luteum
Is the 14 days following ovulation
Occurs on day 14 of the 28-day ovarian cycle
The 14 days prior to ovulation are known as the follicular phase
Release of secondary coccyges every month and is stimulated by a peak in LH secretion
Fluid secretion of follicle cells cause the expulsion of secondary oocyte from the edge of the follicle
It is regulated by changing levels of FSH and LH
The 14 days prior to ovulation are subdivided into a menstrual phase
Days 1-5
A menstrual phase
Days 6-14 after ovulation
Proliferative phase
The 14 days after ovulation constitute
The secretory phase
Uterine cycle
Occurs in the uterus to prepare the uterus for implantation of the fertilization ovum
Controlled by the ovarian hormones estrogen and progesterone
The events in the ovary prior to ovulation the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle
In the first 5 days increased GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to increase production of FSH and LH
This stimulates primordial follicles in the ovary to mature into primary follicles each containing a diploid primary coccyges
Decreases levels of progesterone leading to sloughing or shedding of the endometrial lining
This is the menstrual phase
Known as a woman's period
In the ovary during the second part of the follicular phase (days 6-13)
A small number of primary follicles form secondary follicles
About two days before ovulation under increasing levels of LH and FSH, the follicle expands to form a swelling on the surface of the ovary
A mature or graphene follicle is
the final maturation of the follicle
Major contraceptive methods
Hormonal
Patch
Injectable/shots
A shot of contraceptive hormones can be a more reliable way of preventing pregnancy than using a pill
Advantage
You do not have to take it every day, but you do have to remember to have another shot every 3 months
Pills
Implantable
Intrauterine devices
Are extremely effective in reducing the risk of pregnancy
Both IUDs have multiple mechanisms of action but primarily act by preventing sperm mobility and oocyte fertilization.
Barrier (Vaginal and Penile)
Both female and male condoms act as phsical barriers to semen
Examples
Condomes
Spemicides
Spermicides MOA
Physiologic (refer to menstrual cycle)
Emergency contraception
Aka post-coital contraception
Therapy used to prevent pregnancy after unprotected or inadequately protected act of intercourse
One dose regiment (Plan B)
Levonorgestrel
Function and side effects depend on the method used
With pills side effects
Headaches and migraine
Weight gain
Breast tenderness
Mood changes
Nausea
Intermenstrual spotting
Missed periods
Decreased libido
Vaginal discharge
Changes to eyesight for those using contact lenses
Surgery effects
In males
It block or cut the tubes that transport sperm from the testicles to the penis
Yet complication for men include infection, hematoma, bruising, and the formation of sperm granulomas, lumps developing in the tissue surrounding the vas deferens where sperm have leaked out.
In woman
Surgery blocks the fallopian tubes
Shots effects
Are similar to those of the birth control
Sterilization
A surgery that is carried out
Downstream
Worst options
Using condoms
Although wearing condoms protect against pregnancy and STD it can tare
If the condom tares sperm can get in leading to becoming pregnant
Both male and female condoms aren't 100% effective
Pulling out method
It's not 100% effective
You can still become pregnant
Pre-cum might contain sperm, which means that — even if you do successfully pull out every single time — there’s still a chance of pregnancy
Ejaculation timing isn’t always easy to predict
Using pills and shots
If using pill you have to take it every day at the same time and it can be hard depending in certain circumstances
If using shot you have to go to the doctor and get it every 3 months which sometimes you may forget
Forgetting to take the pill or get the shot can lead to future pregnancy
Best options
The female becomes sterilized
It works by blocking the Fallopian tubes
This prevents the egg from reaching the uterus and also keeps the sperm from reaching the egg
Without fertilization of the egg, pregnancy can’t occur
There is a surgical procedure called tubal ligation
In which the fallopian tubes are cut or sealed
Also referred as to getting your tubes tied
This is a procedure is usually performed using a minimally invasive surgery called laparoscop
It is a permanent procedure to prevent pregnancy
Getting a vasctomy
A male can block or cut each vas deferent tube
A vasectomy keeps sperm out of your semen
Sperm can't leave your body and cause pregnancy
A few months after your vasectomy, your doctor will do a simple test called a semen analysis to check for sperm in your semen.
Your doctor will then tell you when there’s no sperm in your semen and the vasectomy is working as birth control.
Also called male sterilization
It's one of the most effective kinds of birth control
Anatomy
Female Reproductive Systems
Primary sex organs (gonads)
Ovaries
Give out two products
Gametes
Ova
Gamete formed by cell division called meiosis
Sex hormones (steroid hormones)
Estrogens
Progesterone
The ovaries are the ultimate life-maker for the females
Function
The ovaries produce, mature, and discharge the egg cells or ova
Ovarian function is for the maturation and maintenance of the secondary sex characteristics in females
It's located proximal to both sides of the uterus at the lower abdomen
Each ovary lives inside a fibrous sac
Made of tunica albuginea
Consist of a layer of connective tissue
Made of germinal epithelium
Consist of cuboidal epithelia cells, part of the peritoneum
The ovary itself contains
A cortex
Houses developing eggs
A medulla
Contains most of the ovary's blood vessels and nerves
Accessory reproductive organs
Glands
Mammary Glands
Areola
Pigmented skin surrounding nipple
Suspensory ligaments
Attach breast to underlying muscle
Modified sweat glands consisting of lobes
Lobules within lobes contain glandular alveoli that produce milk
Breast size is due to amount of fat deposits
Ducts
Tube system includes
Uterus
Function
Receive, retain, and nourish fertilized ovum
Position of uterus
Anteverted
Inclined forward (normal position)
Retroverted
Inclined backward
Hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ
Regions of uterus
Isthmus
Narrowed inferior region
Cervix
Narrow neck, or outlet; projects into vagina
Fundus
rounded superior region
Cervical canal
Communicated with
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Body
Major portion
Uterine wall has 3 layers
Myometrium
Bulky middle layer consisting of interlacing layers of smooth muscle
Contracts rhythmically during childbirth
Endometrium (mucosal lining)
Simple columnar epithelium on top of a thick lamina propria
Fertilized egg burrows into endometrium and resides there during development
Perimetrium
Outermost serous layer (visceral peritoneum)
Vagina
Vaginal secretions are acidic in adult females, but alkaline in adolescents
Mucosa near vaginal orifice forms incomplete partition called hymen
Vaginal fornix
Upper end of vagina surrounding cervix
Layers of wall
Smooth muscle muscularis
Stratified squamous mucosa with rugae
Fibroelastic adventitia
Uterine tubes
Aka Fallopian tubes or oviducts
Receive ovulated oocyte
Regions of uterine tube
Ampulla
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Isthmus
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Infundibulum
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Externally uterine tubes are
Covered by peritoneum
Supported by a short mesentery called mesosalpinx
Serve as the pathway of the egg cells toward the uterus
Uterine tube system doesn't have direct contact with ovaries
Ovulated oocyte is released into peritoneal cavity
External female genital organs
Vulva
Includes
Mons pubis
Fatty area overlying pubic symphysis
Labia majora
Hair-covered, fatty skin folds
Counterpart of male scrotum
Labia minora
Skin folds lying within labia major
The elongated skin folds that surround the vestibule
Contains both the urethral and vaginal openings
Fourchette
Ridge formed by joining of posterior vestibule and labia minora
Male Reproductive System
External genitalia
Scrotum
Penis
Male copulatory organ
Consist of
Root and shaft that ends in glans penis
Prepuce, or foreskin: cuff of loose skin covering glans
Primary sex organs (gonads)
Testes
Give out two products
Gametes
Sperm
Gamete formed by cell division called meiosis
Sex hormones (steroid hormones)
Testosterone
Function
Sperm-producing
Lies within the scrotum
Each testis is surrounded by two tunics
Tunica vaginalis
Outer layer derived from peritoneum
Tunica albuginea
Inner layer forms fibrous capsule
Blood supply
Testicular arteries arise from abdominal aorta
Testicular veins arise from pampiniform venous plexus surrounding each testicular artery
Cooler; absorb heat from testicular arteries
Keep testes cool
Accessory ducts
Carry sperm from testes to body exterior
Sperm is dilivid to body through system of ducts
Ductus deferens
Expands to form ampulla
Joins duct of seminal vesicle to form ejaculatory duct
Passes through inguinal canal to pelvic cavity
Ejaculatory duct
Propulsion of semen from male duct system
Epididymis
Sperm matures
Urethra
Conveys both urine and semen (at different times)
Has three regions
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Accessory sex glands
Prostate
Encircles urethra inferior to bladder
Size of peach pit
Consists of smooth muscle that contracts during ejaculation
Secretes milky, slightly acid fluid
Contains citrate, enzymes, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
Plays a role in sperm activation
Enters prostatic urethra during ejaculation
Makes up one-third of semen volume
Bulbo-urethral glands
Pea-sized glands inferior to prostate
Produce thick, clear mucus during sexual arousal
Lubricate glans penis
Neutralize traces of acidic urine in urethra
Seminal glands
Contains smooth muscle that contracts during ejaculation
Produces viscous alkaline seminal fluid
Yellow pigment fluoresces with UV light
Comprises 70% volume of semen
Fructose, citric acid, coagulating enzyme (vesiculase), and prostaglandins
On posterior bladder surface
Duct of seminal gland joins ductus deferens to form ejaculatory duct