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Chapter 26 # (food chains (the food web (the food web is very intricate,…
food chains
the food web
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one disruption to the food chain can have a ripple effect that will adversely affect the rest of the species
as with a food web, there is an energy flow web #
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a keystone species is a species that once removed, could drastically affect the rest of the community
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succession
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over time habits change, affected by the organisms that reside in them among other factors
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species and their co-dependency #
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facilitation
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facilitation benefits one organism, but only provides a platform for the other organism to grow on
the species in a community all rely on one another, even in the slightest
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Asexual reproduction
This is disadvantageous due to the fact that using the same genetic material could be defined as "putting all the eggs in one basket."
Thus if a weakness is present in the genetic makeup, it could put all offspring at risk.
Allows for production without a mate, which can be advantegous for isolated organisms.
If a disease can kill an organism effectively, the disease could potentially kill the rest of the species also.
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Asexual reproduction is good because it is simple, allowing very rapid reproduction.
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DNA replication
Next, DNA polymerase binds to both parental strands, using them as templates to create daughter strands.
Next, nucleotides line in a 3, 5 sequence using Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine.
First, the DNA "unzips" using an enzyme called helicase.
After completion, the original parent strands bind with the newly created daughter strands.
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Punnet squares
Punnet squares, while looking simple, are actually quite important tools when determining traits offspring will receive.
A punnet square organizes mono, Di-Hybrid, and even more complicated crosses into simple to read results.
DNA Repair
Genetic diversity is good for species survival, but random, negative alterations are not good for survival.
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Cancer can occur due to DNA mishaps, showing the importance of the repairs.
Tetraploid cells
Tetraploid cells contain four sets of chromosomes. These cells contain more contents of an original cell, due to having to house much more chromosomes.
Test Cross Usefulness
If the genotypes of the parents are known, using a test cross can show what the offspring will be like.
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Sexual Reproduction
If one parent is immune to a disease and passes the trait to the offspring, the offspring will now have this immunity.
Not only works for diseases, but for different factors in the environment, helpful traits, etc.
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In a way, this is comparable to keeping some money in your wallet, but the rest in your savings account.
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If the wallet is stolen, a secondary measure can save all of your money from being stolen.
Chapter 17
Sexual Reproduction
Without sexual reproduction, a gene pool would be almost non-existent.
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Sexual reproduction requires a gene pool, though, as many examples of incest and their consequences are available from the interbreeding of royal families across the globe.
Sexual reproduction results in a 50% share of genes between the two parents, resulting in offspring that will carry possible desirable traits.
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Another good benefit of sexual reproduction is that not all eggs are put into one basket, so to speak.
If all humans had a susceptibility to the common flu that led to a 100% mortality rate, extinction would be inevitable.
Thankfully sexual reproduction wouldn't allow this - while some would be vulnerable, others would not be vulnerable, and survive.
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Gene pools are important due to the fact that genetic diversity can give the best traits to all of a species.
Gene pools are a little like drawing straws - some traits are better than others, but the diversity is good for reproduction.
Incest is the result of a complete lack of a gene pool, and this typically results in deformation or disability.
The gene pool in humans is easy to see - people have red hair, blonde, brunette, dark skin, light skin, etc.
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Phyletic speciation
This form goes as follows; Species 1 evolves into species 2 further down the line, which evolves into species 3..
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While population split ups are common, it is more rare for a population to become so differentiated from the original group to be considered another species.
While the different species may appear similar, the species have evolved differently - even though it may be hard to see.
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Convergent evolution
For example, many sharks are different species, but many if not all carnivorous sharks have sharp teeth with which to kill prey.
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Three main functions of roots #
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Taproots
Taproots are usually deeply seated plants. They help the plant reach further into the ground to get needed nutrients.
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Fibrous roots
Fibrous roots are more shallow and densely packed than taproots. They grow downward and outward with no main root.
Lateral roots
Lateral roots extend sideways in the dirt from a main roots, helping even more to anchor and absorb.
Different types of roots #
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Nodules
Nodules are root containers that hold nitrogen fixing bacteria for plants that use nitrogen fixation.
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Storage root
Store nutrients obtained by a plant, such as a potato. A dense nutrient pile, basically.
Strangler fig roots
These are seeds that fall from a tree, then become roots that enstrangle the host, eventually becoming a full plant.
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Functions of leaves
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Food storage and production - Leaves also help store starches or sugars produced by the plant for later use.
Simple leaf
Do not divide into smaller leaflets, instead stay central to the stem.
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Compound leaf
Compound leaves can branch off into smaller leaflets,
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Monocot leaves
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Instead of a taproot, a fibrous root system is present.
A fibrous root system is highly effective in obtaining water, similar to the complexity of the vascular complexity of a leaf.
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Flowers are arranged in a multiple of three, usually
In comparison to a Eudicot, a monocot only has 3 leaves.
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chapter 20 nonvascular # #
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reproduction of mosses
sporophytes
sporophytes are the zygote of mosses, they undergo division
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what are nonvascular plants? # # #
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liverworts
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liverworts are usually smaller plants that can resemble mosses, almost imitating them vissually
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Chapter 12
Diffusion and active transport #
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osmosis
Osmosis is diffusion, but through s membrane.
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intracellular transport
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apoplasts are the walls and intracellular space and allow for the easy passage of molecules through the area
transfer cells
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inside of cells contain many hairlike projections, comparable to cilia
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Side note - some plants use C3 metabolism, but most use C3.
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Global Climate Change
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If Humans continue, life on Earth will be destroyed quite quickly and in the immediate future.
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Unfortunately, humans are adept at destroying the earth.
Humans are not slowing down emissions fast enough, and in fact are increasing.
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CAM
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Is not particulary efficient, but is good for desert plants due to the hot nature of their days.
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Growth phase of the cell cycle #
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Energy Metabolism - Respiration #
Aerobic Respiration
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Extra energy produced by plants is stored as starch, glucose, and sucrose in the plant.
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Citric Acid Cycle
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a net gain of only 2 atp, can be used for short periods of time but cannot sustain long term #
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Mitochondrial electron transport chain #
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most effective form of energy production, produces 34 ATP which can sustain long term life
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Evolution
polymers are formed
monomers concentrated
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absorbed into soil
makes it easy for organic molecules to adhere, fertilizing
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oxygen
is precipitated by the evolution of chlorophyll a, during which it is released as a waste
very early, but not the earliest
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metabolism
heterotrophs are formed
glycolosis takes place
very primal, many organisms use it as either primary or secondary source of energy
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evolution speed
due to the dilution of time, it is hard to identiy alleles themselves
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most of the time, mutations are bad
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when looking for signs of evolution, it is impossible to genetically trace all the way back in time
instead, it is much easier to look for adaptions
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Chapter 5
external organization of stems # # #
Stem
Contains the Leaf itself, perhaps one of the most important jobs.
Leaves could not grow without a stem, plus stems can be oriented by the plant to obtain better sunlight.
Shoot
Flowers, which are well known by many to be the way through which plants reproduce.
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Rhizomes, which are horizontal stems.
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leaves
Nodes where the leaf attaches, this is the hard stem on the end of a dead leaf.
There are nodes inbetween nodes, known as internodes.
basic cells and their tissues #
Parenchyma
Glandular cells are cells that excrete things through the plant just like a gland would in an animals body.
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Transport cells are cells that mediate the transportation of material through the plant to where it is needed.
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Collenchyma
Are elastic, but are only bendy enough to not become weak.
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Collenchyma requires parenchyma cells in order to remain strong, much like a tire needs air.
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unicellular
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Disadvantages
No division of labor. The Cell must be able to do it all on its own, therefore not doing all as well.
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