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34 yr old diagnosed with AIDS tested positive for HIV a year prior…
34 yr old diagnosed with AIDS tested positive for HIV a year prior
Downstream Effects
destruction of Th cells
no adaptive immune response
Upstream Causes
HIV
sexual intercourse
Blood contaminated needles
infected mother transmitting virus to fetus
Background
Anatomy
Adaptive Defenses
Humoral immunity
B Cells
protect body by producing plasma cells that secrete antibodies
antibodies mark antigens for destruction
activated when matching antigens bind to its surface receptors & cross-link receptors together
Cellular immunity
T Cells
manage immune response
some directly attack & destroy infected cells
recognizes & targets identified pathogens or foreign substances that initiate response
not restricted to the initial infection site
after initial exposure, recognizes & mounts even stronger attacks on pathogens previously encountered
T cells activated with 2 step process
antigen binding
co-stimulation
Cytokines
mediators that influence cell development, differentiation, & responses in the immune system
3rd line: longer to mount than innate defense response
Innate Defense
1st line: skin and mucosae
effective as long as its unbroken
Natural Killer cells are not phagocytic, kill by directly contacting the target cell
2nd line: needed when 1st line of defense is penetrated
relies on antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other cells
Fever
causes liver & spleen to isolate iron & zinc, makes less available to support bacterial growth
Inflammation
disposes of cell debris
alerts adaptive immune response
prevents spread of damaging agents to other tissue
sets stage for repair
Organs
Primary organs
red bone marrow: B cells mature here
thymus: T cells mature here
where B and T cells originate
Secondary organs
lymph nodes
spleen
where mature lymphocytes 1st encounter antigens and are activated
collections of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
Immunodeficiencies
acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
cripples immune system by interfering with activity of helper T cells
no cure found
drugs available but combination therapies fail as virus becomes resistant
caused by HIV
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
virus transmitted in body secretions
transcriptase enzyme not accurate & produces errors causing high mutation rate & ability to develop drug resistance
destroys Th cells, depressing both branches of adaptive immunity & messing with the whole immune system
condition that impairs the production or function of immune cells or certain molecules
Adaptive Defenses
dendritic cells
long wispy extension; efficient antigen catchers
found at body's frontiers
migration of cells to secondary organs is now the most important way of ensuring lymphocytes encounter invading antigens
macrophages
widely distributed throughout lymphoid organs & connective tissue
present cells for
maintain T cell activation
activate themselves: certain T cells release chemicals that prod macrophages to become activated marcophages