Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Immune (Upstream (Progression to AIDS (Due to patient not treating his HIV…

- - - - Unprotected Sex
      - Sharing needles
- - - - MOST IMPORTANT
        
        Interferons
        
        Proteins produced by lymphocytes or “infected” cells
        
        “Warns” healthy neighboring cells, especially viral
        
        Activate NK cells and macrophages
    - - Pokes cell with PERFORIN
        
        Foreign or infected cell goes through apoptosis
    - - Triggered whenever o\body tissues are injured
      - 4 signs
        
        Redness
        
        Heat
        
        Swelling
        
        Pain
      - HISTAMINE RELEASED BY MAST CELLS
- - - - When far from point of diagnosis, body can barely fight off a common cold, which can lead to death of patient
- - - - EDUCATES "T" CELLS
      - Largest and most active during neonatal and preadolescent stages
  - - - FILTERS BLOOD
      - Synthesizes antibodies in white pulp
    - - First line of defense against inhaled or ingested foreign pathogens
    - - Drain fluid from body tissues
        
        Enables foreign material to be delivered to the lymph nodes for assessment
    - - Act as filters or traps for foreign particles and are important in the proper functioning of the immune system
      - Packed tightly with white blood cells
        
        Lymphocytes
        
        Macrophages
    - - Similar to tonsils
      - Trap pathogens that enter the mouth or nose
    - - Acts as an anatomical barrier from pathogens and damage between the internal and external environment
      - Acidic
      - Langerhaans cells of skin are part of adaptive immune
    - - Contains the largest collection of phagocytic cells in the body
      - Designed to detect, capture, and clear bacteria, viruses, and macromolecules
    - - Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
      - Found in mucosa of respiratory tract, genitourinary organs, digestive
        tract
      - Protects from pathogens trying to enter body
      - Tonsils
      - Peyers patch and appendix: Destroy bacteria, preventing them from breaching intestinal wall & Generate “memory” lymphocytes
  - - - Cells are synthesized here
    - - Become other types of cells
    - - Come from bone marrow
      - Differentiate into plasma cells which in turn produce immunoglobulins (ANTIBODIES)
    - - Cytotoxic
        
        Lymphocytes that mature in the thymus and are responsible for killing infected cells
      - Helper
        
        “Help” other T-cells and B-cells to perform their functions
    - - Develop from B cells
      - Make immunoglobulin for serum and secretions
    - - Rapidly ingests microorganisms and kills them
      - Most abundant phagocyte
    - - Presents antigen to immune system cells
      - Process antigen material and present it on the cell surface to the T cells
      - Act as messengers between the innate and the adaptive immune systems
    - - Component of innate immune system
      - Control several types of tumors and microbial infections by limiting their spread and subsequent tissue damage
      - Cytotoxic
      - Activated in response to interferons or macrophage-derived cytokines
      - Contain viral infections while the adaptive immune response is generating antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells that can clear the infection
      - POKE CELL WITH PERFORIN & FILL CELL WITH GRANZYMES
        
        Causes foreign or infected cell to go through apoptosis
      - Helper Cells
        
        AKA CD4 cells
        
        Help the activity of other immune cells by releasing T cell cytokines
        
        Help suppress or regulate immune responses
      - IMMUNOGLOBULINS
        
        Human immunoglobulin A
        
        IgA
        
        Second most common human immunoglobulin
        
        Secreted in milk and is also the most prevalent lg in secretions (e.g. tears, saliva and mucous)
        
        Resistant to digestion
        
        Crucial role in the immune function of mucous membranes
        
        IgA1
        
        Predominant IgA subclass found in serum
        
        Most lymphoid tissues have this
        
        IgA2
        
        Human immunoglobulin D
        
        IgD
        
        On the surface of mature B cells
        
        Works with IgM in B cell development
        
        Function of IgD is to signal the B cells to be activated
        
        Human immunoglobulin E
        
        On the surface of mature B cells
        
        Most common with allergic reactions
        
        Usually causes symptoms in the nose, lungs, throat, or on the skin
        
        Synthesized by plasma cells
        
        Main function is immunity to parasites
        
        IgE
        
        Human immunoglobulin G
        
        Approximately 75% of serum antibodies in humans
        
        Most common type of antibody found in blood circulation
        
        Created and released by plasma B cells
        
        Each has two antigen binding sites
        
        Protects the body from infection
        
        1 more item...
        
        Human immunoglobulin M
        
        4 more items...
        
        IgG
- - - - Drinking plenty of fluid
      - Vaccines
      - Taking antiviral medicines, such as for HIV/AIDS
  - - - Antibiotics
- - - - CELLULAR Immunity
      - Lymphocytes act against target cell
        
        Directly
        
        Killing infected cells
        
        Indirectly
        
        By releasing chemicals that enhance inflammatory
        response
        
        Activating other lymphocytes or macrophages
    - - HUMORAL Immunity
      - Circulate freely in body fluids
      - Bind temporarily to target cells
        
        Temporarily inactivate
        
        Mark for destruction by phagocytes
- - - - Humoral Immunity
      - SECRETE ANTIBODIES
    - - Cellular Immunity
      - ACTIVELY DESTROY INFECTED/FOREIGN CELLS
    - - Five Steps
        
        Immunocompetence
        
        Must be able to recognize only 1
        specific antigen
        
        Self-tolerance
        
        Lymphocytes must be unresponsive to own
        antigens
        
        Seeding secondary lymphoid organs and circulation
        
        Antigen encounter and activation
        
        Lymphocyte is exposed to 1st antigen, leading to it growing and maturing as a cell
        
        Differentiates into an active cell
        
        Proliferation and differentiation
        
        Once activated, lymphocyte creates a clone of itself
        
        Most clones become effector cells that fight off infections
        
        Few remain as memory cells
        
        Memory cells refer to cells that are able to respond to same antigen more quickly second
        time it is encountered
        
        B and T memory cells and effector T cells circulate
        continuously
  - - - Make up the largest amount of leukocytes in the body
      - FIGHT INFECTIONS
      - Elevated count signifies bacterial infection
      - 60-70% in normal blood
    - - Make up the smallest amount of leukocytes in the body
      - Responsible for allergic reactions
      - Contain heparin
        
        An anticoagulant, prevents blood from clotting too quickly
      - Contain histamine
        
        Promotes blood flow to tissues
      - 0.3-1% in normal blood
    - - Elevated count signifies allergy or parasitic infection
      - Remove fibrin during inflammation
      - 1-3% in normal blood
    - - Elevated count signifies viral infection or chronic condition
      - Fights off bacteria
      - Have the ability to turn into macrophages when encountering bacteria in body
      - Largest WBC
      - 3-9% in normal blood
    - - Formed in red bone marrow and organs of lymphatic system
      - Antigen/Antibody reactions
      - T cells, B cells, Natural Killer cells
- - - - Bodily Fluids
        
        Blood
        
        Semen
        
        Rectal Fluid
        
        Vaginal Fluid
        
        Breast Milk
      - Unprotected Sex
      - Sharing Needles
      - To a fetus during pregnancy