ch 42 + 44
circulatory system
open circulatory system have a fluid called hemolymph- also the interstitial fluid that bathes body cells
closed circulatory system have a fluid called blood is confined to vessels and its distinct from the interstitial fluid
arthropods have this circulatory system
heart pumps hemolymph through the circulatory vessels into interconnected sinuses, spaces surrounding the organs
annelids have this circulatory system
simple circulatory is when blood travels through a body and returns to its starting point in a single circuit
one or more hearts pump blood into large vessels that branch into smaller ones
double circulatory have two circuits of blood flow
definitions
in a fish blood leaves through the gills
frogs have a heart with 3 chambers, 2 atria and 1 ventricle
panda heart have 2 atria and 2 divided ventricles
arteries- a vessel that carries blood away from the heart to organs throughout the body ex. Right coronary artery
veins - in animals a vessel that carries blood toward the heart. in plants is a vascular bundle in a leaf ex. pulmonary veins
capillaries - a microscopic blood vessel that penetrates the tissues and consists of a single layer of endothelial cells that allow exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid
blood pressure
lymph circulatory
Blood pressure is like a force directed in the artery that causes the blood to flow away from the heart. Vasoconstriction often change the cardiac output that can affect blood pressure.
Heavy exercise can affect blood pressure, it causes oxygen rich blood in to the muscles. Gravity can also affect blood pressure, standing up too much can make a person faint. Hypertension is a disorder in which blood pressure remains abnormally high.
Hypotension is when the blood pressure is abnormally low, which can cause fainting and dizziness.
the lymph circulates within the lymphatic system before draining into a pair a large veins of the cardiovascular system at the base of the neck
osmosis occurs when two solutions separate by a membrane differ in total solute concentration
breathing
negative pressure breathing - means pulling rather than pushing air into the lungs
to inhale the rib cage expands as rib muscles contact and the diaphragm contracts moving down
positive pressure breathing - inflating the lungs with forced airflow
to exhale the rib cage gets smaller as the rib muscles relax as the diaphragm relaxes moving up
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respiratory features
the fishes pumps water through its mouth and gills arches using the movements of the jaw and operculum for the ventilation
some animals breathe through the skin example flat worms
mammals have lungs to breathe
the measurement is called osmolarity, the number of moles of solute per liter
marine animals
the fishes gain water and salt ions from food
osmostic water loss through the gills
excess salt ingested with seawater are eliminated through the gills and kidneys
fresh water animals
urine also removes the salt from the animals
animals are hyperosmotic because the animals can't handle the salt
salt are lost from diffusion and by urine
ammonia is when animals need access to water
most aquatic animals have ammonia, ex. bony fishes
urea is when the animals excrete nitrogenous waste
example are mammals, sharks, amphibians
uric acid is mostly nontoxic and does not dissolve in water fast
animals that have this are birds, reptiles, insects and snails
the nephron
proximal tubule is the re absorption for the recapture of ions, water, and nutrients
descending limb of the loop of Henle, filtrate enters through the loop of Henle where it reduces filtrate volume via distinct stages of water and salt
ascending limb of the loop of Henle,
distal tubule, regulating the potassium and and sodium chloride concentration of body fluids
collecting duct, processes the filtrate into urine, carries to the renal pelvis