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Chapter 25 Populations and Ecosystems (structure of ecosystems (trophic…
Chapter 25 Populations and Ecosystems
plants relationship to habitats
habitat
conditions where organism completes life cycle
operational habitat
aspects of habitat that a plant constitute its operational habitat
abiotic components
climate
growing season
determined by first and last killing frost
tolerance range
critically important for all organisms
soil factors
formed by rock breakdown
A horizon
uppermost layer
zone of leaching
B horizon
next layer
zone of deposition
pioneers
first plant invade new soil
C horizon
next layer
composed of parent rock and rock fragments
latitude and altitude
latitude
angular distance north or south of equator
altitude
height of anything above a planetary reference plane
sea level
disturbances
natural phenomenas
snow avalanches
floods
landslides
fire
biotic components
other plant species
competition
disadvantageous interaction
mutualism
beneficial interaction for both organisms
niche
function of the plant/animal in a community
competitive exclusion
species less adapted will be excluded from ecosystem
organisms other than plants
predation
one species benefits and one is harmed
pathogenic
bacteria and fungi
commensal relationships
one species benefits the other is unaffected
common between plants and animals
the plant itself
can modify the habitat
can be beneficial, detrimental, or neutral to the species
structure of populations
age distribution
population responds to various factors in habitat is affected by age distribution
r- and k- selection
r- selection
disturbances
#
typically annuals or small shrubbery perineals
k- selection
Douglas firs, bristle cone pines
population close to carrying capacity
crowded habitat
geographic distribution
boundaries of geographic range
ability for plant species to spread throughout geographic area
limiting factors
limits distribution
limits abundance
factor determines plant health
limits growth
local geographic distribution
random distribution
no obvious identifiable pattern
uniform distribution
evenly spread
tree orchards
clumped distribution
spacing in between plants is small or large
rarely average
structure of ecosystems
physiognomic structure
physical size and shape of organism
relation to environment
temporal structure
changes ecosystem undergoes with time
species composition
#
depends on
climate is mild or stressful
species tolerance range is broad or narrow
rich or poor soil
large number of species
= more niches
trophic levels
primary consumers
#
herbivores
decomposers
fungi
bacteria
breaks down remains of organisms
primary producers
bottom of food web/pyramid
autotrophs
secondary consumers
carnivores
omnivores can be either primary or secondary consumers
natural phenomenas cause r- selection
species composition is a limiting factor because of the competition
