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LYMPHATIC/IMMUNE SYSTEM (Response (Humoral Immune Response(antibody…

- - - - Primary: where immature lymphocytes are made and developed
        
        Bone Marrow
        site of blood cells & immature lymphocyte formation & B lymphatic. maturation
        
        Thymus
        -sits beneath throat overlying heart
        -peak in childhood, shrink at puberty
        -produces thymosin, hormone that regulates T cell development
        -site of T cell maturation
        -mature T cell travel to secondary lymphoid tissues
        
        Lymphocyte-subtype of leukocytes
        T lymphocyte- cause direct destruction of virus and mutant cells, involved in cell-mediated immunity
        B lymphocyte- secrete antibodies that indirectly lead to the destruction of foreign material , involved in humoral or antibody-mediated immunity
      - Secondary: mature lymphocytes initiate immune response
        
        Spleen
        -located on the left side of abdomen neck to the stomach
        -filters blood
        -destroys worn out cells
        -forms blood cells in fetus
        -act as blood reservoir
        
        Tonsils
        -small masses of lymphoid tissue around the pharynx
        -trap and remove bacteria and foreign materials
        
        Structure of Lymph Nodes
        Afferent Lymphatic Vessels:
        -directs lymph toward lymph node
        -lymph flow through sinuses within the node
        Efferent Vessels:
        -carry lymph away from lymph node
        -lymph enters afferent lymphatic vessels & exits out of efferent lymph vessels at hilus
        -fewer efferent than afferent lymph, vessels
        -causes flow of lymph to be slowed for better filtration
        
        Peyers Patches
        -found in walls of small intestine
        -resemble tonsils in structure
        -capture & destroy bacteria in intestine
        
        Lymph Nodes
        -encapsulated masses of lymphoid tissue that contain lymphocytes
        -located in areas vulnerable to pathogen
        -monitor & filter lymph
        -macrophages engulf and destroy foreign substances
        -lymphocytes initiate immune response to antigen
        
        MALT
        -mucosa associated lymphatic tissue
        Includes:
        -peyers patch
        -tonsils
        -appendix & any other mall collection of lymphoid tissue
        -important in protection of digestive & reproductive tracts
- - - - Specific Body Defense
        Third Line of Defense= immune system
        -pathogen has entered and in contact with body, recognizes and acts against foreign substance
        
        Humoral Immunity
        -(humor or body fluids)
        -immunity occurs in fluids of the body such as blood, lymph, etc,
        -Antibody-mediated Immunity: B cells produce antibodies, chemicals to carry out the defense
        
        Cell-mediated Immunity -immunity target virus-infected or cancerous cells, -T cells carry out immunity
        
        Allergies
        -many happens are not antigenic but link up w/ our own protiens
        -response is harmful rather than protective b/c it attacks our own cells
    - - Nonspecific Body Defense
        -an immunity you are born with or inherent
        -protects against variety of pathogens, no discrimination
        -responds immediately to protect against foreign substances, no memory
        
        First Line of Defense
        -physical and chemical barrier to prevent all foreign agents from entering the body
        -
        
        Mechanical Barrier
        -skin:physical wall that keeps foreign substances out
        -hair: in nasal cavity traps inhaled particles
        -cilia: in respiratory tract sweeps dust & bacteria-laden mucus towards mouth to be expelled
        
        Chemical Barrier
        -acidic PH: of skin inhibit bacterial growth
        -sebum:oils in hair is toxic to bacteria
        -earwax: traps foreign particles
        -vaginal secretions:acidic to kill bacteria
        -stomach mucosa: secretes hydrochloric acid
        -saliva and tears: contains lysosomes
        -sticky mucus:traps microorganism's
        
        Second Line of Defense
        -body uses enormous amounts of cells & chemicals to prevent further entry of foreign substances
        -create inflammatory response & fever to kill & help repair tissue damage
        
        Defense Cells
        -phagocytes: white blood cells such as neutrophils & macrophages engulf & destroy foreign material
        -natural killer cells: found in lymph and blood (kills cancer cells & virus infected cells)
        
        Inflammatory Response
        -respond when body tissue is injured & histamine is released
        EX:heat, swelling, redness, pain
        -functions: prevents spread of damaging agents, dispose of cell debris and pathogens, sets stage for tissue repair
        
        Antimicrobial Cells
        -activated when they encounter & attacth to the cells (complement fixation)
        -damages foreign cell surface which allows water to leak into cell, making cell burst and die
- - - - Naturally acquired active- making antibodies during an illness or infection in normal circumstances
      - Artificially acquired active-making of antibodies by an injection such as vaccines
    - - Naturally acquired passive- normal passing of antibodies from mother to fetus
      - artificially acquired passive- receive injection of immune serum or antibodies
  - - - Helper T cell: alerts & recruits the rest of the immune system including humoral immunity
        Killer(cytotoxic ) T cells: specialized in attacking & killing infected cells by releasing a toxic chemical perfornin
        Suppressor T cell: release chemical to suppress the activity of T & B cells , stops immune response to prevent uncontrolled activity
        Memory T cell: few member of each clones provide long-term immunity
    - - Monokines: released by macrophages or antigens presenting cells interleukin I -stimulates T cell
        Lymphokines-released by Tcells interleukin2- stimulates T&B cells to multiply
        *perforin- released by killer T cells