Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Ram Health and Dx (Posthitis (Transmission (Venereal, Cattle, contaminated…
Ram Health and Dx
General complaints
Posthitis and Urolithiasis
Loss of condition
Depression
Lameness
Straining to urinate, failure to urinate
Scabs on prepuce
Swollen prepuce
Reproductive Disorders
Enlarged scrotum, enlarged testis
Lumps in testicles, epididymis/ spermatic cord
Swollen/ oedematous head
Posthitis
aka
Pizzle Rot, Sheath Rot
Who: common sheep (some goats)
Associated with: castrated, high protein, death- uraemia/infection, welfare, flystrike, low wool and growth, presence of bact, rain, length of prepuital hair
When: after rainy season
Transmission
Venereal
Cattle
contaminated bedding, pasture
Flies
Path
diet high in protein= increased in urinary urease= converted to ammonia= high levels of scalding and irritation of mucosa and mm= ulceration (prepuce and vulva)
Common Bact:
Corynebacterium renale
CS
Swollen prepuce
Extrusion and examination of penile mm needed
Sloughage
Mx
inspect before joining
check wethers at shearing
separate and cull affected
spell paddocks
Cx
Reduce
protein content of diet
(put in shed, feed cereal hay and water)
Acidify Urine:
10g ammonium Cl- kills bact.
Local antiseptic-
shear, remove scabs, burn wool and scabs, clean, flush, clorhex
Other:
Sx/ AB/ synthetic testosterone
(changes env of prepuce, lasts for 3 mnths BUT regulated)
Urolithiasis
aka Urinary Calculi, Stones, Water Belly
CS
PAIN (high RR, teeth grinding)
Dripping urine
Bloody urine
distended bladder
Swelling/oedema ventrally
Anuria but suddenly improves (rupture)
PARTIAL= cut urethra- straining and bloody urine, abdominal pain, dribbles of urine
COMPLETE: swollen on both sides= water belly. depressed, bladder rupture/uraemia, death when suddenly improves
Predisp.
high in oestrogenic compounds
Oxalates
Low water intake
High grain diet
Get
Calculi Formation
Clinical syndrome: partial/complete obstruction
$$$= death of stud animals, high mortality rates
Contributing Factors
1. Nidus formation
: desquamated cells, necrotic tissue.
Hypo Vit A/
Oestrogen
2. Solute Precipitation:
alkaline pH +
Mg
- low water and high in diet= solute precipitation (then find nidus)
3. Concretion of Sa
lts: growth stage of calculus (mucoproteins- with low fibre)
Types
1. Phosphate: Struvite-
concentrates, low Ca high P cereals, high mG, acidic urine= decrease salivation
2. Silica: Ca
cereals, native grasses, WA wheat belt
3. Calcium Carbonate
(alkaline urine) and
4. Organic complexes
Dx
Full clinical exam: often multifactorial (rectal palp. timing of presentation)
US: is bladder full? calculi in UT?
Radiology-contrast
Classical sites= tip of penis, sigmoid flexure, root of penis, exit into urethra, kidney, urethra
Calculi/ urolith analysis= scanning electron microscopy
Belly tap- creatinine
Systemic Blood- creatinine
Tx
Sx: Cystotomy/ temporary tube cystotomy.
why- preserves breeding capacity of Rams
what- insert catheter into bladder and bypass urethra
Alt.- Perineal urethrostomy
SALVAGE PROCEDURES
Px
Struvite
diet low in P and Mg, Ca:P ratio
check water supply
Increase Urine V
Silica
change diet- dont feed cereal hays
Increase urine flow (output)
Epididymitis
B. ovis
not characterised by abortion (unlike cattle)
Notifiable in WA
Who: OLDER RAMS
Common Route= ram lambs (homosexual behaviour at puberty)
Rare Route= infected Rams mate ewe, uninfected Ram mates same ewe= becomes infected.
Oro-nasal mainly
Path
organism enters mm=
30d window period (no AB)
= spreads to LN (14-60d,
IMMUNE RESPONS GENERATED
)= spreads to
Genitalia (30d on)
Hyperplasia and metaplasia of epididymal epithelium=
cyst
form= bursts=
extravasation of sperm
(immune response- granulomatous/ infl)=
inflammation
(acute/ chronic)=
PALPABLE
= testicular
atroph
y= Acc. sex glands (seminal vesicles)
CS
: segmental lesions (esp in head of epididymis)
Dx
Clinical Exam
Palpation= usually unilateral (tail)
Development Chronic
2mnths after infection= PALPABLE
excrete organisms for up to 5 yrs without clinical detection
Semen smear- see WBC?
Lab= compliment fixation test, ELISA, culture, histopath, air dry semen slides and stain
Cx
Eradication possible BUT NOT COMPULSORY
Good vacc- not allowed in Aust (bad stick injury- see slides)
Test and Cull (CFT- NB window period, every 2 mnths until 3 clear tests, older rams with lesions= Cull)
HPA organisms
What=
Histophilus, Pasturella, Actinobacillus
Transmission
Ram lambs- dirty conditions, put in shed together
Posthitis/ PIZZLE ROT
NO further development OR Puberty affects
Low growth Rate=
no lesions or might self cure
High growth rate=
hormonal stimulation of acc. glands= epididymis affected= get lesions OR become carriers
Path-
2 theories
Haematogenous= there at birth= sits in acc. glands= activated in puberty= circulates and has effects
Ascending= infects tip= becomes ascending= acc gland infection= same path as B.ovis
DRAW FLOW DIAGRAM
A. seminis and H. somni
Ddx from B.ovis=
signalment
(young rams,
semen evaluation
= pus/neutrophils/ZN, B.ovis stains RED)
Cx
NOT AB if clinical- c
ant penetrate (fibrosis and extensive epitheial changes)
subclinical=
AB, 4-6wks
Px
Extensive rearing
Lower feeding plane (without causing sub optimal growth)
CULL AFFECTED ANIMALS
Swelled Head
Cause= butting heads together= Cl. novyi
Severe Necrotising oedema
Tx: if early= penicillin
Vacc= NEED TO KNOW WHICH 6 DISEASES IS PREVENTED BY GLANVAC
Ddx for Enlarged Scrotum
Hernia
Varicocele (spermatic cord)
Hydrocele (ventrally)
USE US ON DX