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The Digestive System (Small Intestine (((((Subdivisions (Jejunum: attached…

- - - - Subdivisions
        
        Jejunum: attached posteriorly by mesentary.
        
        Ileum: joins large intestine at ileocecal valve.
        
        duodenum: curves around head of pancreas; has most features of interest.
- - - - Lactose intolerance: deficient amounts of lactase enzyme; results in bloating, flautulance, and cramps.
      - Treatment: add lactase based enzyme or lactase based tablet.
      - Absorption Inbalances
- - - - Factors that may play a role for: from bacterial infection or antibodies.
        
        Treatment: simply eliminate gluten products from your diet.
        
        Malabsorption: impaired nutrient absorption; (celiac disease)
- - - - Five mechanisms: 1) Active transport; 2) passive diffusion; 3) facilitated diffusion; 4)co transport; 5) endocysosis
      - Digestion: process of breaking down food by mechanical and enzymatic action.
        
        Four Stages: 1) Ingestion; 2) Digestion; 3) Absorption; 4) Elimination
      - Absorption: complex process; where nutrients from digested food is harvested.
- - - - Pancreas: produces trypsin which helps to break down proteins.
        
        Pancreas: produces pancreatic lipase which is used to break down fats.
        
        Stomach: produces pepsin which helps breaks down proteins into amino acids.
        
        Pancreas: produces deoxyribose and ribonuclease which both help break bonds in nucleic acids.
        
        Mouth: produces amylase which breaks down large starch molecules into small sugar molecules.
- - - - Large intestine: contains thicker mucosa; does not contain folds, villi, or digestive secretions.
      - Subdivisions
        
        Colon: several regions.
        
        Rectum: stops feces from being passed with gas.
        
        Appendix: Bacterial storehouse; twisted shape is susceptible to blockages.
        
        Anal canal: the last segment that opens to body exterior at anus.
        
        Cecum: first part of large intestine.
- - - - Digestive system after birth: fetal nutrition occurs via placenta; GI tract occurs with maturation.
        
        Aging and digestive system: GI tract produces less digestive juices and there is a decline in bowel movements.