Urinary System

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Downstream Effects

Upstream Effects

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General Anatomy

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Nephron Structure

General Functions

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Osteoporosis

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Type 2 Diabetes (DM II)

Consists of renal corpuscle and renal tubule.

Most of tubules residing in cortex.

Used to separate: water, ions, and small molecules from the blood; filter out waste and toxins.

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Urinary System Prevents buildup of:

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various hormones and metabolites

foreign substances

Cellular waste

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Regulate blood pressure.

Control levels of electrolytes and metabolites.

Regulate blood volume.

Regulate pH levels.

Eliminate waste from the body.

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Hypertension

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Hypertension: a condition in which the force of the blood against the artery walls is too high (high blood pressure.)

Treatment: Self care and Medications ie. Angiotensin II, Diuretics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, and renin inhibitors.

Prevention: Being at a healthy weight, managing stress, getting regular exercise, and limiting alcohol intake.

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Osteoporosis: means "porous bones;" disease in which the density of bones is greatly reduced.

Treatment: medications, healthy diet, and weight bearing exercises that help strengthen the bones.

Prevention: Get enough calcium and vitamin D, engae in regular exercise, and avoid smoking.

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Ureters: small tube that carries the urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder.

Urinary Bladder: located in the pelvic cavity; temporary storage place for urine.

Kidneys: form the urine.

Urethra: thin walled tube that conveys urine from the floor of the urinary bladder to the outside.

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Prevention: Eating Healthy foods, watching weight gain, and getting active.

Symptoms: increased thirst, frequent urination,fatigue, blurred vision, and slow healing sores.

DM II: chronic condition that affects the way your body metabolizes sugar; No treatment available.

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Filtration of Nephron

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Glomerulus: a microscopic filter that is constantly filtering your blood.

This process is meant to filter excess fluid and waste products so they may be eliminated from your body.

Glomerular Filtration: Is the first step in making urine.

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Reabsorption of Nephron

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Reabsorption takes place primarily in the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron.

A factor that greatly affects reabsorption is the pH of urine.

During this process, almost all water, glucose, potassium, and amino acids reenter the blood via the renal tubules.

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Secretion

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Secretion occurs in the proximal tubules of the nephron section.

Secreted Substances include: potassium ions, hydrogen ions, some xenobiotics.

This process is responsible for transport of certain molecules out of the blood back into the urine.

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Effects of DM II: Can cause blood vessels in kidneys to be injured and will not allow for body to be cleaned properly.

Effects of osteoporosis on kidneys: can cause hormonal imbalances.

Effects of High blood pressure on kidneys: can cause arteries around kidneys to harden, narrow, or weaken.

Blood in urine: Can be caused by a number of things; tumors, stones, kidney disease, bladder disease, and other benign kidney diseases.

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Gross hematuria: produces pink, red, or cola colored urine due to presence of red blood cells.

Symptoms: usually there are no other symptoms; production of bloody urine; Is not typically painful unless there is a blood clot.

Risk Factors: Age, recent infection, family history, certain medications, and strenuous exercise.

Other causes: Urinary tract infections, enlarged prostate, or inherited disorder.