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Chapter 26: Community Ecology (Beneficial Interactions Between Species…
Chapter 26: Community Ecology
Beneficial Interactions Between Species
mutualistic relationships
both benefit
facilitation
one organism benefits
facilitate the presence of another
nurse plants
alter below them to be favorable
primary succession
newly created substrates
from ice sheets / volcanoes
natural selection favors reduced costs
Diversity
Diversity & Scale
scale matters
large=more diverse
relationship between area and species richness
species-area relationship
S=cA^z
Whittaker
alpha
gamma
beta
measures diversity
species abundance distribution
look for rare
Diversity & Latitude
near equator
high diversity
amazons-benign environments
far from equator
low diversity
polars- severe environments
temperate conditions - new adapations
earth was warmer
previous evolutions from tropical conditions
checklists
richness
Interconnectedness of Species: Food Chains and Food Webs
#
primary producers
primary consumers
secondary consumers
keystone species
dramatically affect structure of community
improvement and understanding of community ecology is dire to restore and maintain our environment
Community
#
group of species occurring together
same time & place
predictable sequence of changes
succession
climax community
stability returns
restoration
live harmoniously with nature
farming
#
habitat loss
habitat fragmentation
Predator-Prey Interactions
One Predator, One Prey
predator
#
functional response
handling time
consumption time
feeding rates
time finding new prey
consumer
prey
producer
prey density
amount
zero growth isocline
line indicating pop. stability
coexisting
Lotka-Volterra Model
Rosenzeig-MacArthur model
more realistic
paradox of enrichment
too much improvement
loss of both species
maximum sustained yield
fixed effort harvesting
fixed quota harvesting
Predator Selection Among Multiple Prey
factors to selecting
probability
abundant species preferred
hard to find rare ones
decision to attack
thorny, hard, small
successful consumption
optimal foraging theory
examines interactions of why????
optimal diet model
predictions for choices
prefer prey yielding most energy per handling time
high yield prey scarce
convert to low yield prey
prey know what not to eat and what to eat
probability of profitable prey is always preferred
Competition Between Species
resource
factor that leads to increased growth rates
maximum equilibrium
competition
exploitation
restricts organism by consuming shared resource
interference
restricts organisms but doesn’t have to use resource
invasive
Apparent Competition
increase in one plant species associated with decrease in others
Metapopulations in Patchy Environments
metapopulations
local populations
assumptions
many discrete livable patches
high quality patch
source habitat
low quality patch
sink habitat
some patches occupied some not
death of patches and regrowth
empty patches will become full by migration
not surplus or unneeded
wind, carriers, water
possibility to become extinct
usually low
fugitive species
survives by colonizing new patches
assisted dispersal
helping migration of animals or plants
difficult to guess correct patches
prey dependent
explains these factors
hard to mediate
connected to food chains
has diversity
benefits
