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Elderly male patient Stomach cancer Has a feeding tube (Nutrinets…
Elderly male patient Stomach cancer Has a feeding tube
Feeding tube inserted into alimentary canal
Cholecystectomy
Removal of gallbladder
Concentrating bile no longer occurs
Bypass
Stomach
Lipid breakdown
Protein breakdown
Duodenum
Esophagus
Feeding tube
Nutrition
Without correct nutrients could become malnourished
Protein
Helps with body mass
No mechanical digestion
Needs more nutrients and less things that need to be broken down
Digestive tract anatomy
Gastrointestinal (GI) tract
Stomach
Mixes the ingested food with stomach secretions
Mechanically digests contents into chyme
Between 3 and 4 liters of food. drink. and saliva enter the stomach
Spend 2-6 hours there
Chemical digestion of protein and fat begin
Cardia
Fundus
The body
Largest region of the stomach
Pylorus
Pyloric sphincter
Regulates movement of material from the stomach into the small intestine
Weaker muscle contractions
Higher pH in its lumen
Entry way into stomach lumen from the esophagus
Small intestine
Finishes chemical digestion
Absorbs most of the nutrients, water, electrolytes, and vitamins
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Absorption of digested materials
Absorption of bile salts
Absorption of vitamin B12
Nutrient absorption
"Anatomic blender" ; Chemical digestion
acidic chyme + Accessory digestive organ secretions
Bile from liver
Then digewtive enzymes have contact
Chemical digestion
pancreatic juic
9-10 liters of ingested food, water, and digestive system secretions
Spent at least 12 hours here
Esophagus
Mucus secretion lubricates the passage of the bolus
Esophageal phase
Involuntary
Bolus passes through the esophagus
Superior esophageal sphincter
Where the esophagus and the pharynx meet.
Closed during inhalation
prevents air from entering the esophagus
Inferior esophageal sphincter
Helps prevent materials from regurgitating from the stomach into the stomach
Large intestine
Absorbs water
Absorbs electrolytes
Na+ and Cl- ions
Pharynx
Provides lubrication to facilitate swallowing
Colon
Ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Oral cavity
Mechanical digestion
Mastication
Entrance to the GI tract
Chemical digestion
Anal canal
Accessory digestive organs
Liver
Production of bile
Salivary glands
Produce saliva
Extrinsic salivary glands
Multicellular exocrine glands
outside the oral cavity.
Intrinsic salivary glands
Unicellular glands
contain lingual lipase
an enzyme that begins the digestion of triglycerides.
Sub-mandibular salivary glands
Inferior to the floor of the oral cavity
Medial to the body of the mandible
Produce most of the saliva (60-70%)
Sublingual salivary glands
Medial and anterior to the sub-mandibular salivary glands
Inferior to the tongue
Sublingual ducts a small amount (2-5%) of saliva
Tongue
Gallbladder
Stores, concentrates, and releases bile that the liver produces
Teeth
Mechanical digestion
Chewing (mastication)
Pancreas
Endocrine
Produce and secrete hormones
Glucagon
Insulin
Exocrine
Produce pancreatic juice
Nutrinets
Vitamin
Water-soluble vitamins
B and C
absorbed through membrane transport mechanisms
B12
Must be transported by receptor-mediated endocytosis
Fat-soluble vitamins
A,D,E, and K
Absorbed from the small intestine lumen
Require lipid for absorption
lost in feces if not
Carbohydrate
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
Chemical digestion
Breakdown of disaccharides into monosaccharides.
Breakdown of starch into individual glucose molecules.
breakdown in Oral cavity
catalyzed by salivary amylase
breakdown in the small intestine.
Pancreatic amylase
Shorter strands of glucose, maltose, and individual glucose molecules
Protein
Enzymes that digest protein
Inactive enzymes
Pancreas
high pH or small intestine
inhibits further action by pepsin
Stomach
Pepsin
Lipid
digested triglycerides, cholesterol, other lipids, and fat-soluble vitamins
contained within micelles
Transports lipids to small intestines
Lipids enter epithelial cells
Bile salts remain in the small intestine lumen
Is recycled and reused
Columnar epithelium lining
Electrolyte