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Linguistics and other disciplines (Edward L.Thorndike (laws of exercise…
Linguistics and other disciplines
Edward L.Thorndike
Trial and error learning
forming of associations
Connections
Perceptions of stimuli or events
Responses
Selecting and connecting
Connections are formed mechanically through repetition
laws of exercise and effect
Law of exercise
response is not made to a stimulus
response to a stimulus
Law of Effect
emphasizes the consequences of behavior
Connectionism
Ivan Pavlov
Basic Processes
conditioned stimulus < conditioned response
Diminish in intensity < extinction
Spontaneous recovery < after a time lapse
Generalization < stimuli similar
Discrimination
stimulus becomes conditioned < higher order conditioning
CSs capable of producing CRs are called primary signals
Informational Variables
automatic process
repeated CS–UCS pairings
repeated nonpairings extinguish the CR
convey information
Biological Influences
perceived stimulus < conditioned to any response
responses < some stimuli but not to
others
Conditioning < depends on the compatibility
Edwin R. Guthrie
Acts and Movements
stimuli and responses
movement in recurrence
the act may not specify the movements precisely
a small number of stimuli form associations between them and the response
Applies to memory
Verbal cues < stimulus conditions or events
learning occurs through pairing of stimulus and response
Contiguos Conditioning
Contiguity is a central feature of school learning
associative strength
Repetition of a situation adds movements
combines movements into acts
stablishes the act under different environmental conditions
The acts may have many variations
close pairing in time between stimulus and response
Rewards might help to prevent unlearning
Burrhus Frederic and Skinner
operant conditioning
Conceptual Framework
Scientific Assumptions
psychology of behavior < understood in its own terms
internal responses are accessible only to the individual
internal reactions are responses to internal stimuli
thoughts are brought about by other stimuli
Functional Analysis of Behavior
external variables
independent variables
causes of behavior
Behavior is a function
dependent variable
Effect to find the cause
Learning
the reassortment of responses in a complex situation
the strengthening of behavior results from reinforcement