Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
chapter 12 Human rights and politics in development (Right to develop…
chapter 12 Human rights and politics in development
Right to develop (RTD)
-originated in the context of human rights debates of the Cold War and the development discourse of (NIEOC)
-Formulated as a
claim by less developed countries t
o an international economic system that would create a more
enabling environment for development
-emphasized issues in the global economic system, many of which were legacies of colonialism, such as self-determination + international cooperation (rooted in dependencia theory)
because of globalization, there is a greater need for RTD, there is greater need for state to act collectively to ensure that human rights are not threatened by the vagaries of the international economic system e.g economic recession
Conceptual Issues
RTD is controversial among HR scholars -> too vague to be useful
-implies a collective right, a right belonging to a group rather than an individual
-Beetham ( 2006) argues that individual can only enjoy human rights through a guarantee of collective right to development
-Both Beetham & Sengupta argue that the right to development is therefore a right to a particular kind of development that would contribute to the fulfillments of human rights
-the rights to development cannot be consistent with development where the state does not respect, protect, and fulfill human rights in the process
-Little mobilization from for this right on the part of civil society
Implementation
-Debated for many years before it was proclaimed in 1968 in the Declaration on the right to development
-it was recognized in the declaration and was reafirmed in the Vienna Declaration in 1993, which recognized it as a universal and inalienable right but attempt to develop a treaty that would bind states legally have not advanced
-since then, the developed bloc of the UN(NAM), has promoted a legally binding instrument on the RTD
-Met with consistent opposition of the developed country bloc, "the western group"
HRBA (Human rights based approach to development)
-argues that development and human rights pursue the same objectives
-the spread of HRBA was facilitated by the rise of social movement in developing countries and international networks that champinoned human rights, especially economic and social rights ( democratization around the world + growth of global civil society)
-emerged in part of reaction against neoliberal discourse on development
How does it differ from other approach ? ( HD/CA) (NEOLIBERAL)
-the similarities with HDCA, grounded in common motivation to enhance human dignity and freedom
-HRBA conceptualizes this in terms of human rights, while HD/CA in terms of capabilities
-both contrast with neoliberal approach, which seek to maximise economic welfare, not the full range of human welfare, and which conceptualize human-well being in terms of utility
-thus HRBA& HD/CA have compatible and consistent philosophical foundations
-HRBA & HD/CA share common policy priorities but build on different tools
-HD/CA &NEOLIBERAL approaches use the same tool but argue for different policy priorities
-the differences lie in the relative priorities and choices made about trade-offs among them (p.206 for explanation)
Cons on the Neoliberal approach (Sen) has long critiqued the utility approach to welfare because it focuses on material means and consumption rather than on what people can be and do
People centred approached to Development
Development
-the concept development is defined in many different ways--coventional economist focus on aggregate economic growth, but not the only perspective. there are other ones. more compatible with human rights, and emphasized people as the purpose of development e.g (HD/CA) by Sen
Sen -> argues
that development is essentially about expanding human capabilities
that enable people to be and do the things that they value (capability approach)
Mahbubul Haq - expressed same ideas as Sen but in different way. - introduced the term human development (HD), where he argues that development is a process that creatres an enabling environment that expands opportunities for people, and that expand the capabilities that people have to lead lives that they value
In this broader perspective,
struggle for human rights are also part of the process of development
-Development and Human rights are intertwined. Development is a process that can help to fulfill human rights, but not all types of development can do so. The struggle for human rights must therefore include a struggle for a process of development that can be positive for the promotion of human rights and not one takes human rights backwards p.200. (central point that links development with HR)
RTD initiative to
recognize development as part of HR right
+ HRBA initiative
to introduce HR into development programs.
1986 (the Declaration on the right of development -> defines development as a human centred process
that leads to the realization of HR rights
. -promoted by Third world countries, concerned with the obligations of international cooperation to create an enabling international environment necessary for development
the denial of one right can reinforce the denial of another