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per-cutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, (PEG tube) inserted below duodenum…

- - - - tongue
        
        salivary glands (moistens ingested food, and initiates the chemical breakdown)
        
        liver (produces bile which, is an alkaline fluid that functions in the mechanical digestion of lipids)
        
        gallbladder ( stores, concentrates, and releases bile that is produced by the liver)
        
        pancreas ( produce and secrete the hormones insulin and glucagon; and produce pancreatic juice) the pancreas also acts as an alkaline buffer to counter the acids used to breakdown food
  - - - pharynx is a passageway for both food bolus' and air. its main function is to provide passage to the stomach via several phases including swallowing (voluntary) and peristalsis (involuntary)
        
        esophagus
        
        stomach
        
        small intestine
        
        large intestine
        
        anal canal (including the rectum) is a muscular tube that stores fecal material prior to defecation
        
        large intestine made of 3 section. the cecum, the colon, and the rectum
        
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        small intestine includes the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
        
        chyme enters the small intestine for further chemical breakdown and almost all nutrients are absorbed here
        
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        initiates chemical breakdown of fats and proteins
        
        stomach lining is made of gastric folds, and smaller gastric pits used to increase surface area for food breakdown via secreted enzymes and acids
        
        body is the largest section, and expands to store more food
        
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- - - - proteins
        
        minerals
        
        vitamins
        
        water
        
        proteins are broken down into amino acids. pepsin denatures proteins in the stomach. enteropeptidase activates trypsin, chymotrypsin, and
        carboxypeptidase in the small intestine.Trypsin and chymotrypsin break peptide bonds to produce smaller strands of amino acids and Carboxypeptidase removes amino acids from the carboxyl end of a protein. this is performed in the small intestine. dipeptidase breaks down the bonds of dipeptides. aminopeptidase generates free amino acids from amino peptides. these fuctions are also performed in the small intestine.
        
        nucleic acids are broken down by deoxyribonuclease, ribonuclease, phosphatase, and nucleosidase. this all occurs in the small intestine.
      - 30% of triglycerides are digested by lingual and gastric lipase which is activated in the stomach. pancreatic lipase digests the rest in the small intestine.