Arthropods such as grasshoppers, and some molluscs including clams

Heart pumps the hemolymph through the circulatory vessels into interconnected sinuses, spaces surrounding the organs

Hemolymph and body cells exchange gases and other chemicals within the sinuses

Relaxation of the heart draws hemolymph back in through pores

Body movements squeeze the sinuses, helping circulate the hemolymph

Circulatory fluid: blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from the interstitial fluid

Annelids (including earthworms), cephalopods (including squids and octopuses) and all vertebrates

Heart(s) pumps blood into large vessels that branch into smaller ones that infiltrate the tissues and organs

Chemical exchange occurs between the blood and the interstitial fluid, between interstitial fluid and body cells

no arteries to increase bp, so there's more blood at low pressure

suitable for animals with fast metabolism, be able to move, digest and eliminate waste quickly

Blood flows through heart only once for completing one circulation

the heart draws in deoxygenerated blood in a single atrium and pumps it out of ventricle

having both pumps within a single heart simplifies coordination of the pumping cycles

pathways that enable the blood to flow from the heart to lungs and return back to the heart for systematic circulation

right side, heart pumps oxygen-poor blood to the capillary beds of the gas exchange tissues, O2 into blood and CO2 out of blood

left side, heart pumps oxygen-enriched blood from the gas exchange tissues to capillary beds through out the body

following the exchange of O2 and CO2, nutrients and waste products, the oxygen-poor blood returns to the heart

blood goes to the gill to get oxygen, then it goes to the body and then goes back to the heart

one loop goes to the rest of the body

The atria are the two upper chambers that receive blood from the veins

The ventricles are the two lower chambers that pump blood into the arteries.

The heart can be described as two separate pumps, a left pump and a right pump.

Blood pressure is the force that is exerted against arteries when blood flows through

systolic pressure: measures the pressure in the arteries when the heart muscle contracts

diastolic pressure: measures the pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest

HBP occurs when the artery walls become less elastic, allowing fat to build up against the walls and prevents blood to get through

LBP (hypotension) means that the heart isn’t pumping as much blood to the body as it should, leading to a lack in O2

HBP is dangerous, the heart works harder to pump blood out to the body and helps hardern the arteries, or atherosclerosis, to stroke, kidney disease, and to heart failure.

when bp is recorded, first number is systolic pressure, second is diastolic

bp is measured for an artery in the arm at the same height as the heart

vasoconstriction: process when the smooth muscles in arteriole walls contract, the arterioles narrow

vasodilation: an increase in diameter that causes bp to fall when smooth muscles relax

fluid and proteins leak from the blood capillaries into the interstitial fluids

lymph: watery fluid flows through lymphatic system; recovery fluid

valves in larger lymphatic vessels prevent in the backflow of fluid

lymph nodes: lymph-flitering organs play an important role in body's defense

lymphatic vessels recover leaked fluid and proteins, carrying them to large veins at the base of the neck

when body fights an infection, wbc multiplies rapidly, lymph nodes become swollen and tender

made up of red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, platelets

Plasma: liquid portion, has a lot of nutrients, carrying CO2 as bicarbonate

Supply of oxygen to tissues (bound to hemoglobin, which is carried in red cells)

Supply of nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids (dissolved in the blood or bound to plasma proteins

plasma transports substances needed by cells and removes wastes and products from cells

Normal blood pressure is considered 120/70

heart attack: is the damage or death of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from blockage of coronary arteries

stroke: death of nervous tissue in the brain due to a lack of O2

hypertension:chronic hbp damages the endothelium that lines the arteries, promoting plaque formation

hypertension: systolic pressure above 140 mm Hg or diastolic pressure above 90 mmHg

cells carrying out gas exchange have a plasma membrane must be in contact with an aqueous solution

movement of O2, and CO2 across respiratory surfaces takes place by diffusion

some relatively simple animals like sponges, cells in the body is close to the external environment that gases can diffuse

surfaces is moist epithelium that constitutes a respiratory organ

earthworms, and some amphibians and other animals, skin serves as a respiratory organ

network of capillaries below skin facilitates the exchange of gases between circulatory system and environment

total surface area much greater than that of the rest of the body's exterior

ventilation: maintains the partial pressure gradients of O2, CO2 across the gill that are needed for gas exchange

Countercurrent exchange: exchange of a substance/heat between 2 fluids flowing in opposite directions (blood and water)

gill provides a surface where water (dissolve O2) comes into contact with the blood of the fish

respiratory surfaces are enclosed within the body, exposed to the atmosphere through narrow tubes

a moist epithelial lining enables gas exchange by diffusion at the tips of the finest branches

an infolding of the body surface, subdivided into numerous pockets

circulatory system transports gases between the lungs and the rest of the body

evolved both in organisms with open circulatory system, such as spiders and land snails, and vertebrates

most reptile and all mammals depend on lungs for gas exchange

turtles: lung breathing with gas exchange across moist epithelial surfaces continuous with their mouth or anus

human lung contains millions of alveoli - air sacs clustered at the tips of the tiniest bronchioles

bronchiole: a fine branch of the bronchi that transports air to alveoli

in mammals, air inhaled through the nostrils passes through the pharynx into trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli

negative pressure: pulls air into the lungs when rib muscles and diaphragm contract

birds use a system of air sacs as bellows to keep air flowing through the lungs in one direction

negative breathing: incoming and outcoming air mix, decreasing efficiency of ventilation

diaphragm: most important; a sheet of skeletal muscle that forms the bottom wall of the cavity

diaphragm: inspiration; when it contracts, it flattens out, increasing volume inside the lung

internal intercostal: draws the ribs together and depress the rib cage