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An elderly male patient with stomach cancer recently had a feeding tube…

- - - - they form a continuous tube
      - pharynx is a passageway for both air and food
      - the stomach initiates the chemical digestion of protein and fat
        
        the greater curvature
        
        the larger, convex inferolateral surface of the stomach
        
        lesser curvature
        
        smaller concave superomedial surface of the stomach
        
        the cardia
        
        a narrow superior entryway into the stomach from the esophagus
        
        the cardiac orifice
        
        the internal opening where the cardia meets the esophagus
        
        the fundus
        
        the dome shaped region superolateral to the cardia
        
        the body
        
        largest region of the stomach
        
        it is inferior to the fundus
        
        the pylorus
        
        narrow, medially directed pouch that forms the terminal region of the stomach
        
        pyloric orifice
        
        the opening of the pylorus into the duodenum
      - small intestine is where chemical digestion finishes and is responsible for absorbing most of the nutrients from food
        
        the duodenum
        
        forms the first segment of the small intestine
        
        duodenojejunal flexure
        
        joins the duodenum and jejunum
        
        the jejunum
        
        middle region of the small intestine
        
        the ileum
        
        the last region of the small intestine
        
        the mucosal and submucosal tunics of the small intestine create circular folds which increase surface area and slow the movement of chyme
      - the colon
        
        ascending colon
        
        originates at the ileocecal valve
        
        transverse colon
        
        originates at the sigmoid flexure and turns inferomedially
        
        reabsorb fluids and process waste products from the body and prepare for its elimination
        
        descending colon
        
        originates at the left colic flexure and descends vertically
        
        sigmoid colon
        
        originates at the sigmoid flexure and projects laterally
    - - the oral cavity and salivary glands initiate mechanical digestion by forming ingested material into wet masses called a bolus
      - amylase, a component of saliva, initiates the chemical digestion of starch
        
        saliva moistens ingested food, initiates, the chemical breakdown of starch and dissolves food molecules
      - both mechanical and chemical means take place here
      - the esophagus transports the bolus from the pharynx to the stomach
      - the stomach mixes the bolus with gastric secretions as smooth muscle contractions mix the bolus with the secretion to form chyme
  - - - these assist in the digestion of food
  - - - these produce secretions that empty into the GI tract
- - - - break bonds between glucose molecules
    - - digests maltose into glucose molecules
    - - digests lactose to glucose and galactose
        
        these are absorbed into the blood where they are transported through the hepatic portal vein to the liver
        
        in the liver, fructose and galactose are converted to glucose
        
        glucose may circulate in the blood, be taken up by cells for energy use, be stored as glycogen, or be converted into triglycerides
    - - digests sucrose to glucose and fructose
- - - - synthesized by the small intestine
        
        activates trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase
        
        trypsin and chymotrypsin break peptide bonds to produce smaller strands of amino acids
        
        carboxypeptidase remove amino acids from the carboxyl end of a protein
    - - breaks the peptide bonds of dipeptide
    - - generates free amino acids from the amino end of peptides
        
        free amino acids are absorbed in the small intestine and enters the blood
        
        can be incorporated into body structures or converted to glucose in the liver or kidneys
- - - - detaches the phosphate from the rest of the nucleotie
    - - breaks the bond between the sugar and nitrogenous base of the nucleoside
        
        all nucleic acid components are absorbed into the blood
- - - - in the ileum, bile salt cannot be recovered or recycled in the liver because bile isnt being properly stored, concentrated, or released
        
        small intestine will be affected because emulsification of lipids by bile salts cannot form micelles in the lumen since bile salts are not being taken to the liver properly
        
        cannot form chylomicrons
  - - - cannot digest starch into glucose molecules
        
        affects dextrinase, maltase, lactase, and sucrase enzymes
- - - - small intestine will be affected because emulsification of lipids by bile salts cannot form micelles in the lumen since bile salts are not being taken to the liver properly
        
        galbladder cannot store, concentrate, or release bile to the liver
        
        cannot form chylomicrons
        
        cannot undergo lipid digestion properly
        
        low fat diet, low calorie diet
  - - - neither bile or pancreatic juices can enter the duodenum
        
        cannot digest starch into glucose molecules
        
        cannot undergo carbohydrate digestion properly
      - which effects the liver
        
        galactose, and fructose will be absorbed in the blood but cannot be properly converted into glucose