Geo Mindmap
Rising temperature
Extreme weather conditions
Sea levels and melting ice
droughts
coastal flooding
Colder water holds more carbon dioxide → When water freezes, the ice is a storage for carbon dioxide, a carbon sink
the melting of ice and warming of water releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere → temperature increases → more ice melts
Positive feedback
As the ice melts, the sun is reflected mainly by soil and water which have a higher albedo than ice therefore absorb more heat
So, melting of ice, → more heat absorbed by soil and water → temperature increase
Agriculture
In general, climate change will cause both positive and negative impacts for different regions regarding crop yields. Lower-latitude countries are affected negatively whilst higher-latitude countries are affected positively and have shown an increase in crop yields
Future decrease in yields #
In 2030, in North-East Brazil, wheat will decrease by 14%, in Central America the wheat will decrease by 9%
Fisheries impacted
Will need to switch to more abundant fish species
Precipitation impacted
-Monsoon Precipitation is set to become more intense and last longer which could lead to flooding.
-Some Mid latitude wet regions are likely to experience an increase in annual mean precipitation by the end of the century
-Mid-latitude and subtropical, dry regions will have a decrease in precipitation.
Impact on people
impact on place
Flood risks increase
Number of people exposed annually to a 20th-century 100-year flood is projected to be three times greater for very high emissions than very low emissions.
Can affect agriculture as increased precipitation can lead to flooding and in turn the erosion of soil.
Causes soil to erode and lose nutrients
Decrease in snowfall
Drylands as it refills aquifers
Due to Greenhouse Gases
Infrared rays trapped by greenhouse gases such as methane and carbon dioxide.
Tuvalu :
With rising sea levels, countries that have low relief are in danger from coastal flooding. Tuvalu is one of these countries. The highest point in the entire country is 5 m and the average is 2m. This causes severe vulnerability.
flooding
Intense rainfall leads to water redistribution between the surface and groundwater, as the water storage in the soil is saturated. This results in increased surface flooding and soil erosion.
impact on people
impact on place
Can cause crop losses through anoxia and root diseases.
Flooding associated with tropical cyclones can cause crop failure
various issues
Increases soil compaction
Can cause crop losses through anoxia and root diseases.
Flooding associated with tropical cyclones can cause crop failure
impact on people
impact on place
People living in the areas affected by the coastal flooding because they will be forced to leave their homes and will become climate migrants.
Coastal flooding will erode land and beaches and increase the salinisation of soils e.g in Tuvalu.
Due to coastal flooding, some places such as tuvalu are in danger of being completely submerged.
Projections show an increased drying and drought risk for many regions of the world. Most likely to be adversely affected are Mediterranean regions of Europe and Africa, Central America, southwest US and the subtropics of the southern hemisphere. Significant drying might lead to a higher chance of summers seeing periods of dry weather punctuated with heavy storms, particularly in the subtropics and mid-latitudes.
impact on people
impact on place
Crop failure
economic impact: Droughts cause severe damage to the economy because it halts productivity and destroys agriculture. Countries in SubSaharan Africa are more susceptible to the direct costs of droughts because they tend to rely more on rainfall for their economy. For example, Uganda lost 237 million USD annually due to droughts during the last decade
Syria case study
Up to 60% of the land in Syria experienced extreme drought between 2006-2010, leading to one of the most extreme crop failures in history. A city in Syria called Hassake even experienced up to 75% total crop failure. It led to food insecurity, population displacement, water insecurity, economic unrest, instability factors catalysed by the drought contributed to the civil war.
Heat up atmosphere