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Geographic Distribution Chapter 4 (How Territory is Divided:…
Geographic Distribution Chapter 4
How Territory is Divided: Administrative and Statistical Areas
Density
: The number of persons, households, and so forth per unit of area.
Geographic Information System (GIS)
: A computerized approach t mapping demographic and other types of information.
Inside/ours and outside/ours has shaped beliefs , practices, and institutions.
Territorial Imperative
: The force which geographic factors exert on population characteristics and dynamics.
Migration: entering or exiting a stipulated region.
Statistical areas includes geographic units that are created by census bureaus and others for collecting data.
Census Block
: These are smallest units, 200 people
Block group or cluster
: Reasonably compact and contiguous cluster of census blocks, 600 and 3000 people.
Census Tracks
: Small relatively permanent geographic subdivisions of a county or equivalent entity, 1200 and 8000 people.
Cities and Towns
: Political adminisrative units, not statistical areas, minimum of 2500 people.
Urban agglomerations
: Metropolitan area.
Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA)
: an urdan area consisting of a city or adjacent cities with a population of at least 50000 and its suburbs.
Consolidates Metropolitan Statistical Areas (CMSA)
: An urbanized region of the U.S. consisting of a city with a population size of at least 1 million and its suburbs.
Minor Civil Division
: Primary legal subdivision of counties, usually in towns, used in 28 states.
Census County Divisions
: Artificial subdivisions of counties used in states without townships or similar units, used in 21 states.
Counties
: Administartive unis that constite the primary subdivisions of every state, Alaska calls them boroughs and Louisiana calls them parishes.
States
: Data from all lower levels are collated in separate state statistics.
Regions
: 4 regions, each divided into 2 or 3 subregions: Northeast, Midwest, South, and West. In the 2000 Census, the South had the largest population and the Northeast had the smallest.
Nation
: Consists of all the levels.
Population Density: Concepts and Consequences
Measuring Density
Webster's Third Int. Dictionary states that density is the distribution of a quantity per unit, usually of space (area, volume, etc.)
The simplest and most familiar kind of demographic density is the number of persons per areal unit, square miles, square kilometers, and acres.
Other commons are households per unit, families, and other types of structures (schools, hospitals, office buildings, stores)
Method of calculation is always the same.
D (Density) = Q (Quantity of persons) / A (Areal unit)
Central Place Theory
: The influential theory of Walter Christaller that focuses on the influence of a central place on the surrounding area.
Density and Behavior
Behavioral Sink
: The pathological condition of population collapse as the result of crowding; from the work of behavioral psychologist, John Calhoun
Areal Density
: measured by persons per square ,mile in various sections of a city or cities.
In-Dwelling Density
: measured by persons per house, per room, or per square foot or floor space.
The Urbanization of the Human Population
Where urbanization rates are low death rates are high, infant mortality rates are high, per capita gross national product is low, and average life expectancy is low. The more urbanized nations are better off in some very important ways.
A Historical Overview of Urban Growth
Homo Sapiens evolved some 38000 years age
10000 years ago the first cities were established in the Middle East.
Conditions for the Development
Some villages are larger and less populated
Agricultural Revolution
: A dramatic increase in the production of food and other primary produce that contributes to the development and growth of cities.
City-States
:A city that is politically autonomous and governs the population of it hinterlands
Central Place Theory
The center of an area, such as city or state, is the most efficient point from which to gain access to the populations in that area.
Business located in the center are more likely to profit
Urbanization Before the Industrial Revolution
With the two factors of central advantage and a small agricultural surplus, kept the number and sizes of cities relatively small.
Urban Growth in the U.S
One of the most highly urbanized countries
Of the 10 most densely populated areas, 9 are in the West.
Geographic Information Systems
Most important computer-related advancement is digitizing workstation.