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Cell Structure and Function (Structure (Nucleolus- synthesizes rRNA…
Cell Structure and Function
Structure
Nucleolus- synthesizes rRNA according to instructions from DNA
Nuclear Membrane- separate the nucleus of the cell from the cytoplasm that surrounds it
Nucleus- contains chromosomes and is surrounded by the
nuclear envelope
separating it from the cytoplasm
Golgi Body- bundles macromolecules and disperses them throughout the cell
Ribosomes- make proteins
Cytoplasm- responsible for maintaining the shape of the cell by filling out empty spaces and keeping the organelles in place
Endoplasmic Reticulum- a membranous system of channels and sacs. The Rough ER produces proteins, while the Smooth ER synthesizes steroid hormones, stores Ca ions, and detoxifies drugs and poisons
Mitochondrion- acts as a digestive system by breaking down nutrients and using them for energy
Cytoplasmic Membrane- separates the interior of the cell from its outside environment
Chloroplast- Area that contains chlorophyll and the location of photosynthesis
Lysosome- enable the cell to process its nutrients: main sites of digestion
Peroxisomes- contains catalase and helps convert H2O2 into water and oxygen
Membrane
Function- gives the cell its structure and and regulates the entries and exists of certain materials in the cell; can bring in cells through endocytosis (the process of actively transporting molecules into the cell by engulfing it with its membrane)
Purpose- selectively permeable (only lets certain molecules enter and exit); can also control the amount of substances that go in or out of the cell
Transport
Active Transport- Active transport mechanisms use the cell’s energy, usually in the form of ATP
Passive Transport- any method of transporting materials that does not involve energy; 3 types: osmosis, diffusion, and facilitated diffusion; generally only found when particles move down their concentration gradient, from an area of higher concentration to lower
Cell transport refers to the movement of substances across the membrane. With a selectively permeable bilayer, the cell can determine what enters and exits the cell.
Communication
All cells communicate using some sort of chemical signaling.
Direct Contact:
Gap Junctions-
permit the passage of materials directly from the cytoplasm of one cell to the cytoplasm of an adjacent cell
Plasmodesmata-
connect one plant cell to another, similar to the gap junctions in animal cells.
Local Signaling:
Growth Factors-
give instructions to grow and divide
Synaptic signaling-
a neuron releases near-transmitters into a synapse to stimulate an adjacent neuron
Cell Signaling
Reception- a signal molecule from outside the target cell binds with a receptor on the surface or inside the target cell
Transduction- the signal is converted to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response
Response- a specific cellular response occurs, either by regulation of transcription or by cytoplasmic action