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Acute Coronary Syndrome (Pathophysiology of ACS (Stable Angina (Normal ECG…

- - - - Thickness of Fibrous Cap
      - Accumulation of lipid laden macrophages
    - - T-Lymphocytes
      - Mast Cells
      - Increase Macrophages
      - Thrombus Formation
  - - - Macro
        
        Pale Appearance
      - Micro
        
        Necrosis with wear and tear pigment or lipfoscin
    - - Macro
        
        Sharply routine pale centre
      - Micro
        
        Nuclei disappear, accumulation of inflammatory cells
    - - Macro
        
        Collagen laid down
        
        Granulation tissue
      - Micro
        
        Collagen deposition oinflammation decrease
    - - Macro
        
        Infarcted region replaced by scar tissue
      - Micro
        
        Scar will be solid
        
        Less cellular
        
        Inflammation stop
- - - - High Risk of STEMI
  - - - Female
        
        Higher Mortality
      - Young Female
        
        More often
- - - - Morphine
        
        Opioids given Intravenously as pain controller
      - Oxygen
        
        If the saturation of oxygen below 90%
      - Aspirin
        
        Clopidogrel, to protect the heart from further insult, it can prevent blood clots
      - Niltrates
        
        Reduce workload on the heart
        
        Allow more oxygen flow to the heart by making the coroner artery dilated
    - - Ace-Inhibitors
        
        Reduce Blood Pressure
      - Beta Blockers
        
        Help Pressure as well as hear rate to pump more steadily and less forcefully
      - Aspirin and Clopidogrel
        
        Prevent Blood Clots
      - Statins
        
        Help reducing Cholesterol
- - - - SGOT
      - Troponin T
      - Glucose
      - Cardiac Enzyme
    - - BMI
      - Blood Pressue
      - Jugular Venous Pressure
    - - Wave
        
        P Wave
        
        Atrial Depolarization
        
        QRS Complex
        
        Ventricular Depolarization
        
        T wave
        
        Ventricular Repolarization
      - Clinical Significance
        
        Heart Rate
        
        Rythm
        
        Cardiac Axis
        
        P Wave
        
        Normally 3 mm wide and 2.5 mm tall
        
        QRS complex
        
        Normally under 0.12 s or between 0.06 - 0.10 s
        
        ST Interval
        
        Normally less than 0.08 - 0.12
        
        PR Interval
        
        Normally 0.12-0.2s
        
        QT Interval
        
        Normally less than 0.4 - 0.44 s
  - - - Normally not above 55%
- - - - Reduce Blood Flow and Oxygen Transmission to cardimyocytes
        
        Ischemic Cardimyocytes
  - - - Forms Thrombosis
        
        Reduce Blood flow
        
        Disturb Blood and oxygen transmission to caridomyocytes
        
        Poor oxygen Supply
        
        Ischemic Cardiomyocytes
  - - - Rupture
        
        Thrombosis
        
        Partial occlusion in the coronary artery
        
        Injury, Ischemic, and infarct in the myocardium
  - - - Rupture
        
        Thrombosis
        
        Total Occlusion in the Coronary Artery
        
        Injury and Total Infarct in the Myocardium