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Concept Map Ch. 42 and 44 (Chapter 42 (Concept 42.1 (Single/Double…
Concept Map Ch. 42 and 44
Concept 44.1
Osmosis-water eneter and leaves cells
How?
occurs when 2 solutions seperated by a membrane differ in total solute concentration
osmolarity:
the number of moles of solute per liter of solution
osmoconformer:
to have the same osmolarity with it's surroundings
Ex:marine animals
osmoregulator:
to control internal osmolarity independence of that of the external enviorment.
Ex:animals who live in fress water
Hypoosmotic: osmoregulator must discharde excess water
Diffrences between freshwater and marine animals
Marine animals
most are osmoconformers
No substantial challenge in water balance
osmotic water is lossed through gills and other parts of body surface
Animals that live in temporary water
Use anhydrobiosis:
these animals enter a dormant state when their habitats dry up
Ex: water bears
Requires adaptaion
Freshwater animals
must be hyperosmotic
water balance relies on excreting large amount of very duiute urnie and drinking almost no water.
Osmoregulation-controls solute concentrations in cell.
Animals with a closed circulatory system:
the fluid surrounding cells is hemolymph
rely on transport epithelia- for moving particular solute in controlled amounts in specific direction.
Animals with open circulatory system:
has an interstitial fluid that contains a mixture of solute controlled indirectly by the blood
Concept 44.2
Which annimal produces ammonia, urea, and uric acid?
Ammonia excretion :most common in aquatic species
In many invertebrates, ammonis is released
Urea:excretion occurs in most terrestrial animals
In vertabrates, urea is the product of an energy-consuming metabolic cycle
Uric Acid excrete: insects, alnd snails, and many reptiles including bird
humans and some other animals generate a small amount of uric acid from meabolism
proteins and nucleic acid metabolism generate ammonia
Concept 44.3
Water balance depends on the regulation of solute movement
Mostly handeld by the excretory system
3) Secretion
Other substances are extracted from body fluids and added to the excretory tubule
4) Excretion
urine leaves the system and the body
2) Reabsorbation
reclaims valuable substances from the filtrates and returns them to the body fluids
1) Filtration
water and small solutes cross the selectively permeable membrnes.
Build on a complex network of tubules
Earthworms-metanephridia(excretory organs)
collect fluid direclty from the coelom
Insects- Malpighian tubules
function in osmoregulation and remove nitrogenous waste
Flatworms-protonephridia(excretory system)
consist of a network of dead-end tubules that branch throughout the body
Kidneys-function in both osmoregulation and excretion, similiar to the excretory organs.
Concept 44.4
Human didneys- filtrate from when fluid passes fromt the bloodstream to the lumen of Brown's capulse
Blood filterate to urine:
1.reabsorbtion in the proximal tubes
-recapture of ions, water, and valuable nutrients
2.Decending limb
-numerous water channels fromed by aquaporin
Acending limbs
-has a transport epithelium that lacks water channels
Distal tubes
-regulating K+ and NaCl concentration of body fluid
5.Collecting duct
-filterate into urine
Mammalian:
kidney:conserve water as a key adaption.
Chapter 42
Concept 42.3
Blood vessel structure and function
They are part of the circulatory system and transport blood throughout the body
Vein
Artery
Venule
Arteriole
Capillaries
Blood Pressure
flows from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure
Arterial blood pressure is highest when the heart contracts during ventricular systole
called systolic pressure
Regualtion of Blood pressure-by altering the diameter of alterioles
Vasoconstriction- increases blood pressure
smooth muscles contract, the arterioles narrow
Lymphatic System:lost fluid and the protiens within it are recovered and returned to the blood via
Concept 42.4
Vertebrate's blood contains the plasma, which is a liquid matrix
plamsa- function in osmotic regultion, transport and defense.
albumins act as buffer against pH changes and helps maintain the osmotic balance
Blood conatais red blood cells nd white blood cells
red blood cells- transport oxygen
also called erythrocytes
white blood cell-defense
also called leukocytes, found outside the circulatory system
Sickle-cell disease:alternation in the amino acid sequence of homoglobin at a single position
prevent delivery of oxygen and nutrients and removal of carbon dioxide and waste
Concept 42.2
Discription of type of heart
Mammalian Heart
consist of righ and left ventricles, and atrium
cardiac cycle: one complete pumping and filling
diastole-relaxation
systole-contraction
cardiac output-pump per minute
cardiac output=heart reate * stoke volume
Concept 42.5
Gas Exchanges:uptake of moluecues O2, and the discharge of CO2.
partial pressure-pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gas
Mammalia Respiration System
Larynx- upper part of the respiratory tract
trachea-windpine
Gills are outlinefolding of the body surface specialized for gas exchanged
Gas exchange is increased by ventilation and countercurrent echange between blood and body
Gas exchange in insects, relies on a tracheal system
Internal lungs-are mostly in terrestrial vertebrates
bronchi-branchs of from the trachea
bronchioles-finner tubes from the bronchi
alevoli-air sacs
Concept 42.1
Some animals contain the gastrovascular cavity-functions in the distribution of substance throughout the body
Ex:hydras, jellies,and othe cnidarians
An opening at one ends connects the cavity to the surrounding water
Open and closed circulatory sytem
powered by the heart by using metabolism energy
Open circulatory-hemolymph goes all throughout the body
Ex:grasshoppers
Closed circulatoy-bloodis confined to vessels.
Both: allow offer evolutionary advantages
Cardiovascular system in vertebrates
blood circulates to and from the heart through vessels
Blood vessels type:
viens-carry blood back to the heart
capillaries-bring nutrients and oxygen to tissues and remove waste products
Arteries-carry blood from the heart to organs througout the body
2 muscular chamber:
ventricles
artria
Single/Double Circulation
Single- blood travels through the body and returns to starting point
Ex: In sharks,rays, and bony fishes
Ventricles Chamber
Arteries chamber
Double-2 circuts of blood flow, combined by the heart
systemic circut
pulmanary circuit
Concepr 42.6
Amphibian ventilates its lungs by
positve pressure
Defenition:inflating the lung with force airflow
Ex: a frog
How a mammal breaths
employ negative pressure breathing- pulling rather than pushing, air into theri lungs
this happens when the rib muscule an diaphragm contract
The increase air pressure in the alveoli forces air up the breathing tubes and out of the body
Concept 42.7
realation between gas exchange and circulatory.
Respiration pigments:such as hemocyanin and hemoglobin bind O2 greatly increasing the amount of O2 transported by the circulatory system
Evolutionary adaptation enables animals to satifsfy extraordinary O2 demands.
Concept 44.5
When blood pressure or blood volume in the afferent arteriole drops the juxtaglomerula apparatus releases renin
ADH molecues released from the posterior pituitary bind, and activate membrane receptors