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Teshale_Saadia_Mao (Aims and results of policies (First 5 year plan (Aims…
Teshale_Saadia_Mao
Aims and results of policies
First 5 year plan
Aims
The aim of the First 5 Year Plan was to collectivise 'mutual aid teams'.
Wanted to greatly increase China's agricultural production and give the state full control of all land and private businesses.
Result:
The Five year plan was considered a great success. There was an increase in crop productions due to collectivisation. Industrial output also increased with the help of the soveit union.
The Great leap Forward (1958-62)
AIMS:
Encouraged by the success of the First Five Year Plan ( 1953-1957). This time the aim was to industrialize and increase steal production in China. Planned on mergeing the collectives into a large People's communes to fuel the industrialization with farming.
Results
The Chinese Government persecuted intellects before and during The Great Leap Forward. Due to this they did not have qualified workers in the industries and quality was sacrificed for quantity. Ordinary people that did not have experience. The Great leap failed to industrialize China. Due to a combination of natural disasters and mismanagement in the communes, 50 million people died due to the Great Leap Forward.
marriage reform laws (1950)
Aims
Wanted to great more social equality betweem men and women in China. This followed the communist beliefs. It wasnted to eleimnate arranged marriages, foot binding, allowing women to pick or divorce their spouses and more.
results
Was very sucessful. Women were afforded right's they have not had before the 1950's in China. It also increased Mao's support from women and the youth who greatly supported these reform laws. These policies also got rid of many inequalities of the old China's system.Muslims were against this policy because it went against some of their key beliefs.
Cultural Revolution
Aims:
Due to the failures of the Great Leap Forward, Mao control over the party was dismantled. Mao felt like the party was becoming too bureaucratic and wanted to take control back. The aim of the Cultural revolution was to get rid of any representation of the old Chinese government system but also bring Mao back to power.
Results
Cult of personality around Mao increased dramatically
Purges of CCP memebers began in 1966 and Mao had complete control over the party.
The yourth were attacking anyone or anything that represented or supported the old Chinese system. "revoluationary struggles" 1966
The 100 Flower Campaign and the Anti-rightist movement (1956-57)
Aims
there are two different theories on Mao's reasoning behind the 100 Flower Campaign:
1, Mao genuinely wanted to promote educational dialects and critics in the fields of science, arts, literature in order to improve on those subjects.
2, The second theory is that the 100 Flower Campaign was planned to trap intellects who criticize the government in order to prosecute them.
Results
During the 100 flower campaign, the Chinese government was being openly criticized by intellects and this led to the Anti-rightist movement in (1956-57) which prohibited criticism of the PCP and Mao. The Anti-rightist movement also led to the prosecution of many intellects.
Consolidation and maintenance of power
Use of methods
The Cultural Revolution (1966-76)
Mao used the cultural revolution to remove any "impurities" in his China. He called on the country's youth to purge the Four Olds (old customs, old habits, old culture, and old thinking). Soldiers need "Red Gaurds" Authority figures physically attacked.
"Little" Red Book
- book required for all the Red Gaurds to have which detailed some quotations from speeches and writings from Mao. Almost like a holy book.
Cult of personality
Mao created a cult of personality around himself in front of the youth. He was seen as a hero to the youth who were more than willing to rebel on his command. He had posters of himself everywhere and created a very positive image around himself, almost as a god. And his scripture was the Little Red Book
Nature, extent, and treatment of opposition
The Hundred Flowers Campaign (Feb 1957)
"let a hundred flowers bloom and a hundred thoughts of school contend" Mao allowed and and even encouraged criticism from the people for the government and his party. This can be seen as a way for Mao to discover his opponents and made it easier for him to pinpoint those he needed to eliminate. To Mao's surprise, there was actually a lot of criticism and most was from the intellectuals that Mao was against. "fragrant flowers" being distinguished from "poisonous weeds"
Anti-Rightist Movement (July 1957)
hundreds of thousands of intellectuals were identified as "rightists" in struggle sessions. A lot of people were executed, sent to labour camps (laggois), or sent to the countryside to lear and com back as better men.
During the Great Leap Forward, Mao faced opposition from the Soviet Union by Khrushev in his "destalinization" speech which spoke against the ideals of Stalin and his regime (which mirrored Moa's) so in a way it was an attack against Mao. Mao deals with this opposition by not accepting help from the Soviet Union in his plan of Great Leap Forward to surpass Britain in industrialization in under 15 years. (huge failure).
Cultural Revolution 1966-76,
During the cultural revolution, Mao exploited the youth's rebellious nature and led them to dispose of his opposition. Whoever had opposed Mao during that time period, would be attacked by the Red Guards.
After the Great Leap Forward, Mao's failures had led him to step back from power. He then sees opposition from his rivals, Liu Shaoqui, Zhou Enlai, and Deng Xiaoping who introduce private trade (capitalism), going against Mao's beliefs. He then reacts by showing up as the leader again and reigniting the flame from the revolutionary times and putting into effect the Cultural Reovlution.
Impact of the success/failure of foreign policy on maintenance of power
Korean War (1950-53)
The PRC participates in the Korean War after the US forces push back the North Korean Forces to the Yalu River, at the border of North Korea and the PRC. The Chinese attack back and push the forces back to the South. This victory was huge for China and it showed the world that the PRC could beat a western nation. This unified China and made Mao look good.
After having negative thoughts about the USA, Mao still invited the US president to China and tried to amend ties with the west. This was a great move on Mao's part because it painted a good image of him to the Chinese public.
Mao's rocky relationship with the Soviet Union had various impacts on his maintenance. During the First Five Year Plan, the Soviet Union had been supported of China and even supplied them with experts and machinery to industrialize. But under Khrushev, their bond became looser until it was completely broken off in 1960. This showed that China could survive without foreign help and stayed true to communism from the start.
Emergence of authoritarian states
Methods
Mao convinced and persuaded the peasants by leading them with Marxist ideology and promising them Land Reform and a better life
propaganda: appealed to the poor and peasants
ideology: Maoism vs. Marxism
Mao's ideology was a different from Marxism in that for Karl Marx, the proletariat was the urban working class whereas for Mao, the revolutionary was the peasant population. Also, Mao's ideology claimed to believe that political belief trumps everything else. The intellectuals were the bad in society and that if you believed in the cause, then you could achieve anything.
The Long March (1934-35),
people that survived the long march were deeply respected. Also, leading the army across China, Mao gained a lot of support on the way and spread the cause of communism.
the use of force: during the Long March and the Civil War, Mao implemented guerilla warfare, a tactic used by the CPC successfully against the GMD. The CPC's army was unified whereas the GMD was disjointed undermining them even more and contributing to their loss in the civil war.
Conditions
1916-1927 "Warlord Era"
this was a time where many warlords struggled for power after the fall of the Qing dynasty, there was no central government which led to the problem of regionalism.
In the 1920s, China was already divided into many spheres of influence, being exploited by different nations for their own political and economic gain. Mao was heavily influenced by this idea that the Western powers cannot be trusted and that China needed to be isolated.
Paris Peace Settlements
By joining the war, China intended to removed the German sphere of influence. However, the Treaty of Versailles accepted Japan's
Twenty One Demands
that virtually allowed Japan control over China. There was now a confirmed distrust of Western powers and Japan's expanssionist aims.
Sino-Japanese War (1894-95)
the defeat of China in the SIn-Japanese war created an internal pressure in China for a change in government over an embarrassing loss against Japan
Sino-Japanese War (1937-45)
During this war, the GMD and CPC had been unified temporarily to fight against the Japanese. However, Jiang Jieshi's, leader of the GMD, hatred for the communists overtook his hatred for the Japanese and he broke the alliance. This made him look bad and the GMD lost a lot of support. He was criticzied by the public and those abroad.
there was also natural social division between the rich and the poor (peasants) and the educated vs. the land owners