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Okeke_Perez_Mao (Consolidation and maintenance of power (Use of legal…
Okeke_Perez_Mao
Consolidation and maintenance of power
Use of legal methods; use of force; charismatic leadership; dissemination of propaganda
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Use of Legal Methods
: "Reunification Campaign" (1950) was created for the purpose to unite China under one government, rather than sections being controlled by separate Warlords. He established his own party, The PRC (People's Republic of China) and ensured that it was the only party in China. The Politburo served as the policy-making committee of his party.
Use of Force:
The Hundred Flowers Campaign (1956-57) allowed citizens to criticize Mao's rulings as a way for Mao to listen to the public. However, Mao did not expect harsh comments and in July 1957 (led by Deng Xiaoping) conducted the Anti-Rightist Campaign. This was where "struggle meetings" were held, leading to killing intellectuals or sending them to the countryside to "learn" from the peasants.
Charismatic Leadership
: Mao gained most of his support from the peasants and from them, Mao built a cult of personality. Many treated him as a God-like figure and praised his teachings. Mao's picture would be pictured everywhere in the country.
Nature, extent and treatment of opposition
Nature: All opposition towards Mao and his maintenance of power can be seen as capitalist forces. Every single one of his opponents wanted to reduce the amount of communist impact in the nation. The GMD was a nationalist party in the nation. The intellectuals who opposed Mao opposed the intense totalitarian government created by him and his communist party. Also the members during the Cultural Revolution were trying to make the nation more capitalist in an effort to restore the nation's economy after his failed GLF.
Extent: All opposition other than the CCP had no great ability to get rid of his power except for the officials of the CCP. They forced Mao to step down until he caused the Cultural Revolution. This forced the CCP to give him back his power.
Treatment: Mao immediately dealt with all his opposition. From the Nationalist forces after the win (sent to Taiwan) and the supporters of them. The Agrarian Law Reform was to make sure all possible supporters of capitalism were killed and no longer a threat. The Hundred Campaigns exposed any intellectuals who want to oppose the ideas of the CCP and Mao. They were later executed or exiled. The Cultural Revolution helped him to get rid of CCP members who hated his growing cult of personality.
The impact of the success and/or failure of foreign policy on the maintenance of power
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China and USA
: Originally, China and America were not on good terms as Mao believed that America had the intent of exploiting and using China to their own benefit. However, in 1971 Mao invited President Nixon to China. Henry Kissinger and Zhou Enlai had prepared ground for this relation. USA purpose was to create a powerful relationship that would undermine the Soviet Union and to allow the PRC to replace Taiwan as a member of the UN Security Council. The two countries established full diplomatic relations in 1979. China's purpose was to block Soviet-initiated actions and to relax tensions with Japan. This was also China's way of coming out of isolationism.
Aims and results of policies
Aims and impact of domestic economic, political, cultural and social policies
Domestic: The marriage reform of 1950 led to women and men having equal opportunities in marriage. This abolished arranged marriage. The end of feet binding and discarding of female babies also helped improve feminist issues in the nation that were never addressed. This was the aim of these policies as well.
Economic: The aim for all the new economic policies( Five year plan and Great Leap Forward) was to make the People's Republic powerful. The currency in the nation had been seen as worthless globally and they had little to no market. The impact of the Five Year Plan helped double the steel and agriculture output in the nation. However, the Great Leap Forward caused a leap backward and further crippled the nation causing nationwide famine.
Political: The Hundred Flowers campaign is launched in 1956. The aim of the campaign was to "create a dialectic conversation" in China. Mao states the point was to make sure people of China can come together to voice complaints and hopefully the nation a lot more. However, the campaign led to many intellectuals and high officials who criticized the government to be persecuted. Later on the Anti-Rightest campaign was another example of intellectuals getting executed for criticizing Mao and his party.
Cultural: A major cultural policy during the establishment of Mao's state was the abolishment of religion. This supported the communist belief in atheism throughout the state. However, to appease some people, Mao allowed patriotic churches that actively supported the CCP and Mao. The Hundred Campaigns and Cultural Revolution are seen as ways to consolidate and hold power. The Hundred flowers campaign was to expose potential threats and persecute them. Effectively leading to complete domination over the populace. The Cultural Revolution was to make the adolescents of China to oppose Mao's enemies. This created a toxic cult obsessed with Mao that killed political and cultural enemies. Even if they weren't part of the group they could get killed. The revolution even extended past Mao's control and almost destroyed the nation and all of Mao's other policies.
Social: Agrarian Law Reform was passed in 1950. This was a way to "give" the land back to the peasants. This allowed peasants to kill their landowners. Another aim was to end any supporters of the GMD who were part of the middle class. This was effective as it let peasants think they were respected by the government, and the middle class? opponents were almost effectively wiped out. The introduction of Barefoot doctors in 1965 was to bring health care throughout the entire nation. This was to provide nationwide healthcare. This was effective as the new doctors were given basic medical education and equipment and helped in immunizations and childbirth. However, they were victims during the Rectification period in the 60s.
The impact of policies on women and minorities
Women: The marriage reform of 1950 led to the near equality of women and men in the nation. Since arranged marriage was abolished, women were able to marry to whomever. The Great Leap Forward caused both men and women to industrialize. However, this caused a lot of death in the population.
Minorities:
Authoritarian control and the extent to which it was achieved
The use of amazing propaganda exalted Mao as an amazing leader. No one challenged his power as dictator due to his win in the Chinese civil war and Korean war.
However, the first five year plan and the destroyed relationship between the Soviets almost undermined his reign. He clapped back with the Hundred Flowers Campaign in 1956.
The failure of the Great Leap Forward from 1958-62 crippled his authoritarian control until Mao created the Cultural Revolution (1966-76) to restore his power. People were actively killed ooponents of the "true CCP and the revolutionary China."
Public Security Bureau was created recording where people lived and what they did. No free movement without the CCP knowing.
Emergence of Authoritarian States
Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion;
the role of leaders; ideology; the use of force; propaganda:
Rectification campaigns of 1942: People who were not in accordance with the ideologies of Mao were publicly stripped of their possessions and shamed.
Cairo Declaration
Mao seemed like a popular leader due to him standing up to the Japanese
Propaganda made it seem as if Mao was a powerful leader that could guide the people
Chang Kai-Shek: seemed like a corrupt leader during the Chinese civil war.
Previous to Mao, the gov had not been able to keep western influence outside of the country and thus the people hated the government due to them not being able to keep the culture of China intact
Mao's ideology focused more on the peasants as opposed to the working class
Mao's ideology established at Yanan helped to provide guidelines and demonstrated that the CCP believed in helping the working class
The Futian Incident: Mao killed around 4000 red army troops because he believed that they were plotting against him
Some political purges occurred in which anyone who seemed like a threat to Mao was eliminated
The long march was used as propaganda as a tale of overcoming the odds
Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; the impact of war; weakness of the political system
Only 10% of china's land was arable
70% of the land was owned by 10% of the population
The May Fourth movement: students protested against the Chinese government's weak response to the Treaty of Versailles
People were starting to get mad at how much influence westerners were having on Chinese culture
Landlords constituted only 10% of the rural population
After WWI, China had hoped to receive the province of Shangdong, however, it was given to Japan and a large amount of rioting occurred
Citizens had to pay high taxes and their land was looted and pillaged by invading armies