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CHAPTER 14 (MENDELS EXPERIMENT (trait is a variant of a character such as…
CHAPTER 14
MENDELS EXPERIMENT
- trait is a variant of a character such as purple or white color for flowers.
- true-breeding is over many generations of self-pollination, plants had produced only same variety as the parent plant.
- character is a heritable feature such as a flowers color
- hybridization is mating or crossing of 2 true-breeding varieties.
- P generation are the true-breeding parents or parental generation.
- F1 generation are the hybrid offspring. Filial = son
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PEDIGREE ANALYSIS
- inheritance patterns of particular traits can be traced and described using pedigrees.
- pedigrees can be used to make predictions about future offspring.
- pedigree is a family tree that describes interrelationships of parents & children across generations.
- can also use X or + to predict probability of specific phenotypes.
THE LAW OF SEGREGATION
MENDELS MODEL 4 CONCEPTS
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USEFUL GENETIC VOCAB
- homozygote is an organism that has pair of IDENTICAL alleles for gene encoding character called homozygous
- heterozygote is an organism that has 2 DIFFERENT alleles for a gene called heterozygous. NOT true-breeders, produce gametes w different alleles.
- phenotype is a distinguish between organisms appearance or observable trait
- genotype is genetic makeup.
2ND CONCEPT: FOR EACH CHARACTER, AN ORGANISM INHERITS 2 COPIES (2 ALLELES) OF A GENE, 1 FROM EACH PARENT.
- 2 alleles at particular locus may be identical in true-breeding plants of Mendels P generation or alleles may differ as in f1 hybrids.
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4th CONCEPT: L.O.S. states that 2 ALLELES FOR A HERITABLE CHARACTER SEGRAGATE DURING GAMETE FORMATION & END UP IN DIFFERENT GAMETES
- means that an egg OR sperm gets ONLY 1 of the 2 alleles that are present in the somatic cells of organism making the gamete.
PUNNET SQUARE - device for predicting allele composition of offspring from a cross between individuals of known genetic makeup.
TESTCROSS
- breeding an organism of unknown genotype w recessive homozygote bc it can reveal genotype of organism.
- Mendels terminology is based on an example of flowers of purple color being dominant trait and white being a recessive trait.
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NATURE & NURTURE
Mendelian Genetics
- phenotype for character depends on environment as well as genotype
- multifactorial traits that depend on multiple genes combined with environmental influences.
- phenotypic range is broadest for polygenic characters
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