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ROPS Week 15- Expelling ‘Foreign Devils’: Perceptions of Christian…
ROPS Week 15- Expelling ‘Foreign Devils’: Perceptions of Christian Missionaries in 19th-Century China
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Social Work
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Philanthropy (e.g. famine relief, rehabilitation of opium addicts)
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Treaty of Nanjing (1842) and Treaty of Wangxia (1844)- greater access for missionaries to areas outside Canton- extraterritoriality
Treaty of Tianjin (ratified 1860)- universal toleration of Christianity- punishment of persecutors- protection of property rights
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The Boxer Rebellion, 1899-1901
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Death Toll- almost 200 missionaries, over 30,000 Chinese Christians
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June 1900- Boxers in Beijing, international relief force blocked
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1898- conservative support, change of objective
Boxer Rebellion represented clash of cultures or civilisations just as suicide attacks by Muslims did- spontaneous uprising of those Chinese to increasing Western presence in China- had strong support from the Chinese (James M. Lutz and Brenda J. Lutz, ‘The Role of Foreign Influences in Early Terrorism Examples and Implications for Understanding Modern Terrorism’, Perspectives on Terrorism, Vol. 7, No. 2 (2013), pp. 5-22)