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Phytochemicals (Secondary Metabolites (Alkaloids (Properties (basic…

- - - - basic nitrogenous
      - occur as salts nicotinic, quinic, citric or oxalic
        acid.
      - highly potent medicament & possess
        curative properties.
      - detoxicating agents
      - protective materials
    - - Seeds, barks, leaves, roots
  - - - condensation products of sugar & aglycon
    - - soluble in hz0 & alcohol
  - - - cell sap
    - - soluble in h20 & alcohol
      - give blue black color with iron compounds
      - have several medicinal properties
  - - - resin ducts of the trunk of
        trees/ in rhizomes (ginger), fruits (capsicum)
    - - insoluble in water
      - may be semisolid/ solid
      - associated with gums/ volatile oils
  - - - Rubber tree
    - - contain proteins, sugars, minerals & alkaloidal salts
        
        and alkaloidal salts in true solution, while gums, starch, resins are
        
        in suspended form.
  - - - roots, leaves, barks, fruits
    - - volatile,
        liquid and aromatic
      - insoluble in water and are soluble in alcohol.
      - are carminative stimulants and antiseptic.
  - - - roots, stems, leaves, fruits,
    - - insoluble in
        water.
      - types of crystals of calcium oxalate: prisms,
        acicular, raphides, clusters, rosettes
  - - - enzymes, coloring substances, nectar
    - - serve important functions
- - - - Oils found in endosperm of seeds of castor, peanuts & sesame
    - - reserve of food materials of plants
      - at room temperature, liquid (oil), solid (fat)
      - made up of fatty acids & glycerin
  - - - Polysaccharide
      - found in the forms of granules, concentric, or eccentric
    - - Tubers, Food Grains, Seeds of plants
  - - - Mucilage in senna, isapgol,
        and linseed,
    - - complex polysaccharides
      - forming cell wall and its
        structural material of plants.
  - - - Nitrogenous substances
      - Either soluble or insoluble in H20
      - Important for structure and functioning of cells
      - may be amorphous or crystalline
    - - Living matter
- - - - Histological studies on very thin transverse (TS) or longitudinal
        (LS) sections using microscope
      - identification of powdered drug
        
        and in the detection of the adulterants in powdered plant OR
        
        animal drugs.
    - - by means of the organs of sense
      - macroscopic appearance of the drug,
        Its odour and taste and the feel of the drug to the touch.
    - - to identify crude plant drugs.
      - To ascertain the purity
      - NH3 test solution, starch test solution
    - - use solubility, specific gravity (jalap, clove), optical rotation, melting point, elasticity of certain fibers (cotton)