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HIV/AIDS Diagnosis (Physiology (organs and cells of immune system (Primary…

- - - - (areas where mature lymphocytes encounter their fist antigen and become activated)
    - - B cells mature in bone marrow; create antibodies; present antigens to helper T cell to assist their own activation
      - T cells mature in Thymus
  - - - T cells: act against virus infected cells and tumor cells
      - B lymphocytes: give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies
  - - - 3) bacterium reproduces normally , copying the prophage and transmitting it into daughter cells
      - 4) many cell divisions produce a large population of bacteria infected
        
        occasionally, a prophage exists the bacterial chromosome, initiating a lytic cycle
      - 2) Phage DNA integrates into bacterial chromosome, becoming a prophage
      - 1) phage attaches to host cell and injects DNA
    - - 4) the cell lyses, releasing phages
      - 3) new phage DNA and proteins are synthesized and assembled into phages
      - 1) phage attaches to host cell and injects DNA
      - 2) phage DNA circularizes
- - - - chronic infection damages immune system----> leads to AIDs (CD4 cell levels reach less than 200 cells/mm^3 ; can't fight off opportunistic infections
- - - - if AIDS is not treated you will most likely die within 3 years (your immune system physically cannot support you)
- - - - infects host cells and uses host cell machinery to divide
        
        antibiotics are not effective
    - - can be caused by a secondary infection (virus started initial infection)
        
        do NOT need host cell machinery to multiply
        
        can be killed by antibiotics
  - - - first line of defence
        
        external body membranes (skin, tears, sweat, saliva, mucus, cilia, stomach acid..)
        
        stop attacks by pathogens
      - second line of defense
        
        antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other cells (inhibit spread of invaders; inflammation most important mechanism)
        
        stop attacks by pathogens; Many second-line cells have pattern recognition receptors that recognize (bind to) structures on microbes and then sound a chemical “alarm” that initiates inflammation
    - - specific: recognizes and targets specific antigens
      - systemic: not restricted to the initial site
      - involves lymphocytes (B and T cells)
      - memory: mounts stronger attack to "known" antigens
      - 2 branches
        
        Humoral Immunity: has extracellular targets (antibodies in blood bind temporarily to target cell to inactivate it)
        
        cellular immunity: has cellular targets (lymphocytes act against target cell)