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Biology Ch 8-9 (Enzymes (Enzyme-substrate complex (When the enzyme binds…

- - - - The capacity to cause change.
    - - Energy that can be associated with the relative motion of objects.
    - - Is kinetic energy associated with the movement of atoms or molecules.
    - - Its Thermal energy in transfer from one object to another.
    - - The potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction.
  - - - The study of the energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter.
    - - The energy of the universe is constant; Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
      - Also known as The Principle of Conservation of Energy.
    - - Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.
      - Entropy: a measure of molecular disorder, or randomness. The more randomly arranged a collection of matter is, the greater its entropy.
        The concept of entropy helps us understand why certain processes are energetically favorable and occur on their own.
  - - - Exergonic reaction: Proceeds with a net release of free energy. Because the chemical mixture loses free energy, ΔG is negative for an exergonic reaction
      - Based on free energy changes, chemical equations can be classified a either exergonic ("energy outward") or endergonic ("energy inward").
      - Endergonic reaction: is one that absorbs free energy from its surroundings.
        Because this kind of reaction essentially stores free energy in molecules, ΔG is positive.
- - - - 6 molecules of carbon dioxide.
      - 6 water molecules.
      - Up to 30 molecules of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Which is used to produce energy.
    - - Oxygen
      - Glucose
    - - Glycolysis is in the cytosol.
      - Pyruvate oxidation is in the mitochondrial matrix.
      - Citric Acid Cycle is in the mitochondrial matrix.
      - Electron transport is in the inner mitochondrial membrane
    - - Is a series of electron transporters embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane that shuttles electrons from NADH and FADH2 to molecular oxygen. In the process, protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space, and oxygen is reduced to form water.
      - The portion of aerobic respiration that uses free oxygen as the final electron acceptor of the electrons removed from the intermediate compounds in glucose catabolism.
    - - Although the use of oxygen is not directly involved in the Krebs cycle, it is considered an aerobic process
      - The sequence of reactions by which most living cells generate energy during the process of aerobic respiration. It takes place in the mitochondria, consuming oxygen, producing carbon dioxide and water as waste products, and converting ADP to energy-rich ATP.
  - - - Lactic acid
      - Water
      - Carbon dioxide
    - - Glucose
  - - - The transition between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. The transition reaction converts pyruvate (3 carbons) to acetyl CoA (2 carbons), producing carbon dioxide (CO2) and a NADH
    - - The process in which one glucose molecule is broken down to form two molecules of pyruvic acid (also called pyruvate). The glycolysis process is a multi-step metabolic pathway that occurs in the cytoplasm of animal cells, plant cells, and the cells of microorganisms.