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Chapter 8-9 (catabolic pathway (breakdown pathways, some metabolic…
Chapter 8-9
catabolic pathway
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a major pathway of catabolism is cellular respiration, in which the sugar glucose and other organic fuels are broken down in the presence of oxygen to carbon dioxide and water.
anabolic pathways
consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones; they are sometimes called biosynthetic pathways.
examples of anabolism are the synthesis of an amino acid from simpler molecules and the synthesis of a protein from amino acids.
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cellular respiration
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it is originated as a synonym for aerobic respiration because of the relationship of that process to organismal respiration, in which an animal breathes in oxygen.
The Principle of Redox
In many chemical reactions, there is transfer of one or more(e-) from one reactant to another.
redox reactions
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In a redox reaction, the loss of electrons from one substance is called oxidation, and the the addition of electrons to another substance is known as reduction
metabolic pathway
it begins with a specific molecule, which is then altered in a series of defined steps, resulting in a certain product.
reducing agent
In the generalized reaction, substance Xe-, the electron donor, is called the reducing agent; it reduces Y, which accepts the donated electron.
oxidizing agent
substances Y, the electron acceptor, is the oxidizing agent; it oxidizes Xe- by removing its electron.
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Forms of energy
kinetic energy
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moving objects can perform work by imparting motion to other matter: a pool player uses the motion of the cue stick to push the cue ball, which in turn moves the other balls; water gushing through a dam turns turbines; and the contraction of leg muscles pushes bicycle pedals.
energy
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energy is important because some forms of energy can be used to do work---that is, to move matter against opposing forces, such as gravity and friction.
thermal energy
kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules; thermal energy in transfer from one object to another is called heat.
potential energy
energy that is not kinetic; it is energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure.
chemical energy is a term used by biologists to refer to the potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction.
energy is the ability to rearrange a collection of matter.
EX: you expend energy to turn the pages of this book, and your cells expend energy in transporting certain substances across membranes.
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