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Populations and Ecosystems (The Structure of Ecosystems (Trophic Levels…
Populations and Ecosystems
Concepts
Individual plants never live in isolation
Population
Same species living in a habitat
Coexists with other populations
Community
Ecosystem
Other plants, animals, etc.
Rarely stable
Change is common
Plants in Relationship to Their Habitats
Habitat
Conditions in which an organism completes life cycle
Operational habitat
All components are apart of habitat
Weather known effect or not
Abiotic components of the habitat
Nonliving and physical phenomena
Climate
Critically important to all organisms
Between low and high extremes
Tolerance range
Varies greatly for species
Soil factors
Macro/micro nutrients available
First plants that invade a new soil
Pioneers
Must tolerate severe conditions
A horizon
Uppermost layer of soil
Zone of leaching
B horizon
Zone of deposition
C horizon
Parent rock and rock fragments
Latitude and Altitude
Effects seasons
Light energy affected
Disturbance
Fires
Landslides
Snow avalanches
Floods
Radical change in an ecosystem
Biotic components of the habitat
Living factors
The plant itself
Modifies habitat it is apart of
Other plant species
Interaction is created
Beneficial interaction
Mutualism
Disadvantageous interaction
Competition
Two species do not live well together
Competitive exclusion
Species that is less adapted
Is excluded from ecosystem
Niche
Each species adapted to a set of conditions
Ecotypes
Each species specialized to factors
Transplant experiments
Plants from site
Transplanted to alternate site
Common garden
Intermediate site
Tests ecotypes
Organisms other than plants
Commensal relationships
One species benefits
Other is unaffected
Predation
#
One species benefits
Other is harmed
Herbivores
#
Animals that eats plants
Herbivory
Browsing or grazing
Plants and fungi
Pathogenic
The Structure of Populations
Geographic Distribution
Boundaries of the Geographic Range
Ability to spread throughout an area
Limiting factor
Determines the health of the plant
Anything can act as
Local Geographic Distribution
Small scale
Random distribution
No identifiable pattern to position of individual
Clumped distributions
Spacing between plants
Either small or large
Uniform distributions
Orchards and tree plantations
Evenly spaced
Allelochemics
Zones are created
Allelopathy
Age Distribution: Demography
Population response to various factors
Demography
Proportions of ages
Factors affecting population growth
Generation time
Length of time from birth to birth of offspring
Intrinsic rate of natural increase
Biotic potential
Measured under ideal conditions
Number of offspring produced
That live long enough to reproduce
Number of individuals that can live in a population
Carrying capacity (K)
r- and K-Selection
r-Selection
A disturbance produces
r-Selection species
Annuals or small shrubby perennials
K-Selection
Crowed habitat
The Structure of Ecosystems
Physiognomic Structure
Physical size and shape of organisms
Distribution in relation to each other
And the environment
Life forms
Temporal Structures
Ecosystem change with time
Short as a day
Long as decades
Seasons
Species Composition
#
Number and diversity of species
Coexisting in an ecosystem
Mild or stressful climate
Rich or poor soil
Broad or narrow tolerance
Trophic Levels
Feeding levels
Photosynthesis is dominant method
Autotrophs
Primary producers
First step of any food web
Primary consumers
Herbivores
Preyed on by carnivores
Secondary consumers
Carnivores
Decomposers
Fungi
Bacteria
Energy/carbon flow
Decomposing
