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Protein Synthesis (Key Terms (Codon (group of three nitrogen bases in…
Protein Synthesis
Key Terms
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Codon
group of three nitrogen bases in nucleic acids that makes up a code "word" of the genetic code and stands for an amino acid, start, or stop
Nitrogenous Bases: the two type of nitrogenous bases that have two carbon rings are purines (G & C); hydrogen boding holds the nitrogenous bases together
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Genetic Code
universal code of three-base codons that encodes the genetic instructions for the amino acid sequence of proteins
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Nucleotide Parts
Phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous base
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Transcription 
Elongation: After uwinding, RNA polymerase adds the complementary nucleotides to the new, budding mRNA strand
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Initiation: RNA polymerase binds to the end of a coding region called the promoter. The DNA unwinds its double helix structure
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The Genetic Code
The protein is built up one amino acid at a time: DNA contains the information that determines which amino acids comes next
4 Nitrogen bases that make up the genetic code: Adenosine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine
Role of RNA
Protein synthesis occurs in the ribsomes of the rough endoplasmic reticulumn. Instructions coding for a specific protein from the DNA are transferred to the ribosomes in the form of RNA. Have complementary bases but T is relaced by Uracil
Reading the Genetic Code
Figure out the amino acids that make up protein, search for the start codon (AUG). Then, group letters at a time- after find the amino acid each codon codes for conituse util you reach a stop codon (UAG, UGA, UAA)
Processing mRNA
Before the pre-mRNA strand can exit the nucleus, it must be modified- splicing (removes introns from the pre-mRNA w. spliceosomes). Then the mature mRNA proceeds to translation.
Translation
After leaving the nucleus, the strand of mRNA moves to a ribosome. There, translation involves two different RNA molecules: mRNA (from transcription) and tRNA. mRNA can be thought of as a guide or organizer, while the tRNA are the workers with the materials. tRNA carries anticodon complementary to the codon on mRNA. Whenever the anticodon on tRNA binds to the codon on mRNA, tRNA gives up its amino acid. The ribosome continues to build the protein until it reaches a stop codon.
DNA contains instructions for making proteins, which determine the structure and function of the cells. RNA carries that information from DNA to the ribosomes where proteins are made. Transcription is the process of transferring genetic information from DNA to RNA, and translation is the process of using the information from RNA to create proteins.
RNA: Phosphate, ribose sugar, nitrogenous base