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THE XVIIIth CENTURY (CULTURAL CONTEXT (AFFECTED BY: (Improving Education…

- - - - Born of the public opinion
    - - art was the imitation of that nature, reflecting the desire for symmetry, balance and refinement.
  - - - COFFEE HOUSES
        
        fashionable meeting places for the most important companies. gathering point where people (most men) exchanged ideas
      - JOURNALISM
        
        helped to spread political and individual freedom defending progressive ideas.
        
        Politicians reacted to the rise of journalism introducing duties.
      - PAMPHLETS
        
        already used in the 17th century
  - - - BOURGEOIS SENTIMENTAL NOVEL
        
        Fictional story between two characters that often comes from different social classes. Is paid attention to the characters' psychological profiles
      - REALISTIC NOVEL
        
        Fictional autobiography. A story that could be real
      - FANTASTIC NOVEL
        
        Fictional story about surrealistic events
    - - Robinson Crusoe
        
        The story is based on the enthusiasm for new experiences.
        
        Robinson, the protagonist, can always smartly control the natural context thanks to well pondered and skillful inventions
        
        Even if a sinner, he always keeps his faith in God and never despairs and surrenders, even in the most miserable conditions.
        
        he well represent the British culture, being the new middle-class hero.
        
        It's a realistic novel
    - - Gulliver's Travels
        
        Europeans are seen as victims of civilization that are falling into a state of corruption
        
        the main themes of the 4 books are the same of the moral satire:
        1- man's concern with unimportant matters,
        2- man's pride,
        3-evils of the various professions and
        4- the representation of pure reason.
        
        Humans are compared, in three books, with animals, comparison that want to underline the opposition between rationality and animality
        
        it's a fantastic satirical novel, the aim is to denounce negative aspects of human naturein order to set moral standards to reform social conduct
- - - - faith in reason seen as a means to question traditional assumptions and doctrines in order for man to achieve happiness.
        
        SAPERE AUDE become the main motto for this century, underlining the importance of using one's own brain, reason and experience as the base for individual beliefs
        
        STATE OF NATURE
        
        ROUSSEAU
        
        The state of nature is a morally neutral and pacific status in which solitary individuals act according to their primary urges as well as their natural desire for self-preservation. Here people are good because made from God and because they are still near him.
        
        people leave the state of nature by becoming increasingly civilized and farther they are from the natural context, the more they become beast, because they aren't anymore near their Creator.
  - - - Bentham
        
        an action is morally right if it has consequences that lead to material happiness, and wrong if it brings about the reverse. Also the institutions should be tested in the light of reason and common sense to determine if they're useful in this way
      - The utilitarian indifference to human values was attacked by John Mill
        
        Happiness is a state of the mind and the spirit, not a selfish pleasure. also the legislation should have more positive function in trying to help men develop their natural talents and personalities.