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Unit one (VOCABULARY (PHRASAL VERBS:, bump into (imbattersi), catch up…
Unit one
VOCABULARY
PHRASAL VERBS:
bump into (imbattersi), catch up with (mettersi al passo con), get in touch with, keep track of (tener conto di), lose touch with, stay in touch with, track down (track down)
SCIENTIFIC STUDY:
concept, experiment, theory, sample (campione), method, random, research, results,
VERBS: analyse, confirm, prove, test
IDIOMS: actions speak louder than words; be on the same wavelength; get a word in edgeways; get straight to the point; have a quick word with someone; hear it on the grapevine; think before you speak
COLLOCATIONS, display similarities, establish connections, establish rapport, exhibit knowledge, impart information, maintain status, negotiate relationship, negotiate status
Grammar
The continuous aspect
use the CONTINUOUS aspect to talk about:
an action which is IN PROGRESS (Answer the door, i'm watching something!)
an UNFINISHED action (She was working on a new novel WHEN she died)
a TEMPORARY action (I'm using Johns laptop WHILE mine is being repaired)
a TREND (Scientists say the weather is getting hotter)
Compare the PRESENT SIMPLE and CONTINUOUS
PERMANENT situation (I live in a small flat)
TEMPORARY situation (I'm living with a host family FOR six weeks)
we can also use PRESENT CONTINUOUS for REPEATED actions, which are happening around now
I'm watching that new series of Breaking Bad. It's fantastic! (I'm watching it EVERY EVENING)
We also use PAST SIMPLE and PAST CONTINUOUS to talk about a longer background in the past, when a shorter action happens DURING IT OR INTERRUPTS IT
I was washing the car WHEN the phone RANG
Present continuous is also used to describe:
FUTURE ARRANGEMENTS (We are collecting our new car AT THE WEEKEND)
STATE VERBS (some verbs describe something PASSIVE or STATE), we rarely use these verbs in the continuous:
AGREE/BELIEVE/BELONG/DEPEND/HATE/KNOW/LIKE/LOVE/PREFER/SEE/UNDERSTAND/WANT
THE PERFECT ASPECT (to look back from one time to another)
PAST PERFECT (looks back from a time IN THE PAST, to another time BEFORE THAT)
She had applied for ten jobs, before she get this one
WHEN we arrived, the train HAD LEFT (FIRST the train left, and THEN we arrived), TO DESCRIBE A SEQUENCE OF EVENTS, (the PAST PERFECT describes the FIRST action)
JUST/ ALREADY
We arrived at six, but the train had JUST left.
When we arrived, the film had ALREADY started.
FOR REPEATED EARLIER ACTIONS
BY 2006, Deborah Tannen had written twenty books.
PRESENT PERFECT, looks back from now to a time before now
as state that started in the past and IS STILL CONTINUING
(I've lived here ALL MY LIFE)
a completed action in the past, which has SOME RELEVANCE to the PRESENT, PRESENT RESULT
(There has been a severe storm, and the airport is NOW closed)
finished action in a period of time that IS STILL CONTINUING
(I've been there ONCE ALREADY TODAY)
actions in the past which MAY HAPPEN AGAIN
(Deborah has written several books, she COULD write MORE)
Key language
OUTLINING PROBLEMS AND OFFERING SOLUTIONS
OUTLINING PROBLEMS: The problem is; The trouble is; It's a tricky situation because (difficile); It's a vicious circle
OFFERING SOLUTIONS: One way of dealing with this could be; Well, there's an obvious solution; We could talk to..; The best way to deal with it is to
REACTING TO SUGGESTIONS: That might well solve the problem; That seems the best way to deal with it