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Seed Plants 2: Angiosperm (Monocots # (Commelinoid Monocots (Zingiberales,…
Seed Plants 2: Angiosperm
Concepts
Magnoliophyta
Angiosperm species division
Most advanced group of plants
Most derived
Angiosperm carpels
Edges of sporophyll primordia grow shut
No sign of stem remains
Closed carpel
Grows into fruits
Double fertilization
Universal in flowering plants
Primitively vesselless
Wood without vessels
Fusion of carpels into single structures
Pistil
Fusion of petals
Sympetally
Floral zygomorphy
Bilaterally symmetrical flowers
Changing Concepts About Angiosperms
Hypothesis of the ranalean flower
Such flower is generalized
It has all parts
Arranged spirally
Carpels occur in superior positions
Classification of Flowering Plants
Magnoliophyta is very large
Rare to study and classify entire group
Monocots
One cotyledon on each embryo
Leaves usually have parallel veins
Vascular bundles distributed throughout stem
Never have ordinary secondary growth and wood
Eudicots
Two cotyledon
Reticulate venation in the leaves
Vascular bundles one ring in the stem
Woody, succulent, herbaceous
Basil angiosperms
Monocot/eudicot divergence
Living descendants
Uniaperturate
Monocots
#
Arisen from early angiosperm
Perianth members
Tepals
Rarely fuse to each other to create a tube
Remain free
Ancestors had broad leaves
Parallel venation of leaves
Lived as aquatic plants
Alismatales
Contains many aquatic herbs
Sagittaria
Many aquarium plants
Hydrocharis, Najas and Hydrilla
Most often found in swamps and marshes
Liliales
"Petaloid" monocots
Those with large colorful flowers
Now grouped in Asparagales
Asparagales
#
Large clade with many families, species and families
Carpels fuse side by side
Starting at their bases
Fused sides called septa
Do not fuse up to style
Open areas create nectar
Septal nectaries
Commelinoid Monocots
Differ from others in several unusual synapormorphies
Arecales
Easily recognizable by solitary trunk
Leaves of palms occur near shoot apex
Poales
Contain most foods
Wheat, barley, rye, corn, rice, sugar cane
Important for grass fed cattle
Zingiberales
House-plants
Large, showy flowers
Almost all tropical
Eudicots
#
Much larger group than monocots
Basal Eudicots
Ranunculaceae
Flowers have little fusion of parts
Caryophyllales
Cacti, iceplant, protulaca
Other plants have anthocyanin pigments
Caryophyllales have betalains
Endosperm develops only a little
Perisperm
Nutritive tissue
Santalales
Highly modified plants
Roots make fine connections to roots of other plants
Parasitizes them
Rosid Clade
Diverse in respect to vegetative body
Fabids
Eurosids 1
Malvids
Eurosids 2
Asterid Clade
Most derived large clade
Iridoid compounds
Have the greatest number of species
Groups of orders, lamids and campanulids
