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Voluntary motor control (Passingham et al. (2009) (confounding in…

- - - - suggests at least two distinct dorsal routes - "grasp" and "use" system
  - - - ventro-dorsal pathway
        
        space perception and action understanding
        
        medial superior temporal areas - inferior parietal lobule - ventral premotor cortex
        
        interaction between ventral and dorsal streams- ventral-dorsal stream as interface
        
        damage related to ideomotor apraxia
      - dorso-dorsal pathway
        
        control of action 'online'
        
        V3-V6-V6a-MIP (superior parietal lobule - SPL) - dorsal pre-motor areas
        
        damage related to optic ataxia: inability to produce coordinated movements
- - - - three 'what'
        
        object selection
        
        decision-making
        
        drift-diffusion model - random walk until surpassing of a treshold in favour of a particular goal (fig.2)
        
        evidence for a neural signal that gradually accumulates prior to movement onset?
        
        for saccadic eye movement in frontal eye fields (FEF)
        
        2 more items...
        
        application of task rules to select goal
        
        thought to be encoded by PFC
        
        cognitive processes can bias the outcome of choices - sensory priming - observation of a sensory stimulus can facility performance on a qualitatively similar object
        
        object identification and localisation
        
        attention
        
        perception of an object + determination of what is to be done
      - three 'how'
        
        action selection
        
        choice and description of the motion of the end-effector (could be a body part or a tool)
        
        translation of a motor goal into a desired movement
        
        flexible feedback control policy: determines complete movement trajectory given - current state of the limb, desired endpoint (motor goal), and a cost - optimal feedback control (OFC model)
        
        determined by accuracy, effort, time - speed-accuracy tradeoff
        
        neural correlates of motor planning
        
        motor cortex as dynamical system (DSM model)
        
        OFC model
        
        use of previously set control policies to update and adjust movements according to certain parameters
        
        DMS model
        
        setting of an initial state of a dynamical system from which passive dynamics determine and generate a movement
        
        ventrodorsal premotor cortex
        
        movement specification
        
        dorsodorsal premotor cortex
        
        abstract kinematics (optional - depending on the complexity of the movement)
      - motor goal at the boundary between the two - intersection between perception - movement pathway (fig.1)
  - - - according to this view 'motor planning' is instantaneous
- - - - actions can serve as cue for the next actions - cells in preSMA and SMA code for specific transitions
      - representation of a goal or outcome can serve to retrieve the appropriate action to achieve that goal
      - action can be specified by time intervals that has elapsed
      - a change in goal can lead to a change on action
      - failure to obtain an expected goal can lead to adjustment / change in the appropriate action
  - - - when an action is not followed by expected reward / outcome - signalling that another action is required - evaluation of outcomes
- - - - during an antisaccade-task (?) neural activity in LIP reflects location of visual target rather than saccade endpoint
    - - lesions -problems with reaching and grasping - optic ataxia
  - - - neural activity reflecting evidence-accumulation process
- - - - PMv
      - for movements with identical hand path but different arm or wrist postures only neural. activity in PMd and M1 was modulated
      - 'end-effector movement'
    - - PMd and M1
  - - - drift-diffusion model