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Intergroup Anxiety (Attitudes and Related Cognitions (Negative attitudes:…
Intergroup Anxiety
Attitudes and Related Cognitions
Negative stereotypes
: lack of moral values, hostility, aggressiveness, incompetence, homogenous, status difference
Perceived beliefs of ingroup members
Negative attitudes
: e.g., not friendly, lazy, infrahumanization
reduce
negative expectations and disimilarities
Affect/ Emotions
guilt in higher status group, resentment in lower status group
fear, anger, threat, dread, embarrassment, humiliation, frustration, hatred
Neural evidence: Schadenfreude - joy due to pain of others
(Ozkara, 2021)
Behavior
non-verbal expressions of anxiety
concealment to be perceived as non-prejudiced
avoidance of outgroup members
Components
Affective
Negative, e.g., Apprehensive, distressed, uneasy
Cognitive
Negative psychological consequence
: e.g, embarrassment, misunderstood, fearful, confused, irritated, frustrated, or feeling incompetent
Negative behavioural consequence
: e.g., discriminated against, physically harmed, deceived, exploited, harassed, or contaminated (e.g., by disease)
Negative Evaluation from outgroup
: e.g., rejected, negatively stereotyped, disapproved of,disrespected, ridiculed, insulted, or being perceived as prejudiced
Disapproval from ingroup
from contact with outgroup
More negative expectations, Higher intergroup anxiety
Physiological
anxiety symptoms, e.g., higher BP, cortisol levels, galvanic skin response
Personality Traits & Characteristics
traits
that lead them to be prejudiced, lack of empathy, ethnocentric, mistrustful, lacking self-confidence, low in cognitive complexity, hostile or aggressive, intolerant of ambiguity
social identification and strength of identity
, e.g., to what extent you are yellow/ blue
Personal Experience
low level of contact
-> lack of knowledge -> increase uncertainty
Increase
knowledge of outgroup norms -> reduce uncertainty
-> lack chance to acquire skills on intergroup contact
increase
perceived outgroup variability, personalize outgroup members
link to coggle.it
-> lack of chance to know them as individuals
-> lack of chance to empathize
negative contact
negative expectations of intergroup contact
increase
neutral and positive contact
Cognition
negative outgroup cognitions: e.g., attitudes, stereotypes, beliefs
deplete cognitive resources
Situational Factors
Negative situations
: competition, unequal ratio of in/out group members, status difference, lack of clarity of roles, lack of familiarity with context, unstructured situations, feeling of lack of control over/unpredictable
create
positive situations: Intergroup cooperation, well-defined structure, clear roles and social scripts, voluntary contact, balanced ratios of ingroup and outgroup members, and equal status and power within the interaction context
Relationships
Romantic relationships associated with less positive attitude towards outgroup via lower empathy
(Bulinga, 2021)