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Female patient has yellow skin and eyes, loss of hair, weight, and…

- - - - Macronutrients: must be consumed in large quantities; biological macromolecules
        
        Micronutrients: consumed in relatively small quantities; vitamins and minerals
        
        Essential Nutrients: must be obtained & absorbed by process of digestive system
        
        Nonessential Nutrients: adequately provided by biochemical processes within the body; not required for dietary intake
        
        Carbohydrates: provide energy, store energy, build macromolecules, and spare protein and fat for other uses; for every carbon, there is a water molecule
        
        Sugars and Starches: supply energy to cells through cellular respiration
        
        Fiber: cannot be chemically digested & absorbed by GI tract; allows for irritation of large intestine to expel feces; decreases LDL cholesterol lvls
        
        Lipids: biologically active hydrophobic molecules that include triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, and eicosanoids; storing energy, signaling, and acting as structural components of cell membranes
        
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  - - - Necessary to have variety in diet to meet the body's need since not all vitamins, minerals, and macromolecules are contained in all foods
        
        Prevents malnutrition and excess of certain macromolecules and substances that may be harmful to the health in long-term use
  - - - Cardiac: without drop off of Ca2+, the heart would not be able to contract and pump blood to tissues throughout the body; Ca2+ also regulates BP by controlling the vascular smooth muscle cell contractility which allows for vascular resistance
        
        Endocrine: without iodine, the thyroid gland is unable to produce thyroxine and triiodothyronine which can lead to excessive hypothyroidism which would slow down the metabolism of the body and its cells
        
        Nervous: without both Na+ and K+ the nervous system is unable to initiate certain action potentials which allow for muscle contraction, cellular communication, and the maintenance of hemostasis in the body (since the body couldn't utilize negative control mechanism pathways)
        
        Urinary: in order to maintain proper kidney function, the body needs vitamin D which converts to calcitriol which promotes reabsorption of Ca2+ back into the bloodstream. Without this, Ca2+ will continually be excreted into the urine
        
        Circulatory: Without iron, the body is unable to bind oxygen to hemoglobin in RBC which leads to the tissues not gaining enough oxygen which would cause eventual necrosis of tissues if left alone long enough
        
        Lead to cyanosis of certain tissue groups as well
        
        Without proper K+ and Na+, reabsorption and secretion may not be able to take place and water will cause a buildup or accumulation of fluids due to not being able to establish certain concentration gradients in the nephron which allow for filtration, reabsorption, and secretion of urine
        
        Not getting enough B12 causes impaired nerve functioning due to damage of the myelin sheaths which is often irreversible if the body is malnourished for an extended period of time; B12 is vital for proper functioning & development of brian & nerve cells
        
        Lack of magnesium would impair signals relayed btwn brain and the body; magnesium sits inside NMDA receptors and prevents stimulation of nerves simultaneously; without this, muscle cramps and nerve pain may be present
        
        Absence of calcium and vitamin D would induce either Rickets or osteoporosis. This occurs since vitamin D is converted to calcitriol which is converted to calcitriol which increases blood Ca2+ which would allow for production of bone once combined with phosphorus to make calcium phosphate (crystals used for the formation of bone)
        
        Without both of these, bones would become misshapen, porous, and brittle over time; this also effects immunity due to lack of bone marrow and decreased production of both WBC & RBC
        
        Without adequate sodium, potassium, and magnesium levels, the heart can also undergo different arrhythmias/ irregular heart beating due to the inability to produce action potentials; or if K+ not present, the inability for the heart to relax.
      - Calcium regulates the movement of the muscle and it's crossing of myofilaments in order to facilitate a contraction; includes smooth muscles which would cause the inability of the GI tract to facilitate peristalsis; heart to contract; uterus to produce contractions; swallowing to occur, and more
      - Without proteins, muscles will begin to atrophy due to the body not being able to prod. certain amino acids which would make protein filaments important to muscles
    - - Proteins: without proper proteins, the body is unable to make essential amino acids which are the building blocks for proteins. The body will not be able to mediate certain chemical reactions since many enzymes will not be made due to the lack of amino acids to make proteins; the body will also not be able to maintain proper muscle tone; cellular processes will lag behind
        
        Lipids: when the body doesn't have access to lipids, your body is unable to synthesize different membranes for cells, making cell more susceptible to lysis in addition to the slowing or lack of production of collagen which plays an important role in connective tissues, especially protective membranes like the skin
- - - - Due to both glycogen, protein, and lipid stores being depleted and used for energy, the patient will lose a decent amount of weight
      - Body will soon resort to attacking the body's organs for a source of energy which can lead to different types of organ failure depending on the target
- - - - Puts strain on kidney's for filtering an excess of nitrogenous waste products
    - - causes impaired nerve functioning due to damage of the myelin sheaths
  - - - Build up of ketones = decrease in pH & harder on the kidneys to filter out excess ketones, can result in kidney damage
  - - - Affect calcitriol production which causes decrease in ability for the body to absorb dietary calcium;
        
        Calcium not able to make it back into the blood from the urinary system & is is excreted into the urine
      - Cause body to break down bones to maintain proper Ca2+ blood levels which would result in osteopenia or osteoporosis
      - Lack of Ca2+ can cause convulsions and abnormal heart rhythms (since calcium is vital to muscle contraction & brain due to not being able to release certain neurotransmitters
  - - - Can lead to osteosclerosis and calcification of tendons/ligaments, alongside bone deformities over prolonged period of time (skeletal fluorosis)