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a 34-year old male patient recently diagnosed with AIDS (Background…
a 34-year old male patient recently diagnosed with AIDS
Upstream (cause)
direct
HIV contracted
indirect
no effective treatment for HIV
Downstream (effect)
the last stage of HIV
AIDS
HIV
No T helper cell
no formation of cytotoxic T cell and its memory cell
affecting the production of B cell and its memory cell
no antibodies because of there is no plasma cell
Background
Functions of the specific leukocytes, focusing especially on the lymphocytes,
Monocytes (become macrophages)
Basophil (release heparin for preventing blood clot and histamine for vasodilation and attract WBC to inflammed sites; involved in allergic reactions
Eosinophil (allergy, worm infestation)
Lymphocytes
Neutrophil (bacteria phagocytize)
The difference between a viral and bacterial infection and how they are treated
Bacterial infection
caused by bacteria
treatment
antibiotic drugs
Viral infection
caused by virus
treatment
managing symptoms, such as honey for coughs and warm fluids like chicken soup for oral hydration
paracetamol to relieve fever
stopping viral reproduction using antiviral medicines, such as medicines for HIV/AIDS and cold sores
preventing infection in the first place, such as vaccines for flu and hepatitis
The components and physiology of the innate and adaptive parts of the immune system,
innate (nonspecific)
surface barriers
skin
mucous membrane
mucus, nasal hairs, cilia, gastric juice, acid mantle of vagina, pH in tear, saliva and urine
internal defenses
NK cells
apoptosis
phagocytes
engulf antigen, and present antigen on its membrane (using MHC), and promote phagocytosis
inflammation
3 stages (IVP)
Inflammatory chemical release
histamine (release by mast cells)
kinins, prostaglandins (PGs), cytokines and complement
Vasodilation and increased Vascular permeability
exudate (fluid containing proteins, clotting factors, and antibodies)
hyperemia (increase blood flow to local)
phagocyte mobilization
neutrophil then macrophages
4 stages
leukocytosis
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margination
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diapedesis
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chemotaxis
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antimicrobial protein
interferons
proteins produced by lymphocytes or "infected" cell, which "warn" healthy neighboring cells
activate NK cells and macrophages
chemical messenger
complement
a group of bloodborne proteins that, when activated, lyse microorganisms, enhance phagocytosis by opsonization (tagging) and intensify inflammatory and other immune responses
fever
initiated by pyrogens, which send signal to hypothalamic to raise body temperature
adaptive (specific)
2 branches
humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity
B cell produce antibodies, bind temporarily to target cell (inactivate and marking)
cellular (cell-mediated) immunity
directly
kill infected cell (Cytotoxic T cell with CD 8, recognize MHC 1 on APC)
indirectly
(Helper T cell with CD4 to recognize MH2 on APC) by releasing chemicals that enhance inflammatory response; activating other lymphocytes or macrophages
specific (recognizes and targets specific antigens); systemic (not restricted to initial site); memory
The lytic and lysogenic stages of a virus,
Lytic cycle
bacteriophage infects a cell
the phage DNA circularizes, remaining separate from the hose DNA
Phage DNA replicates and phage protein are made. New phage particles are assembled
the cell lyses, releasing phage
Lysogenic stages
the phage infects a cell
the phage DNA becomes incorporated into the hose genome
cell divides, and prophage DNA is passed on to daughter cells
under stressful conditions, the phage DNA is excised from the bacterial chromosome and enters the lytic cycle
Organs and cells of the immune system
organ
red bone marrow
origin of T and B lymphocyte
maturation site of B cell
Thymus
maturation site of T cell (developing self-tolerance and immunocompetence
skin
first line of defense
consist of acid mantle and keratin
provide resistance against acids, base, and bacterial enzyme
produce
mucin
mucus traps microorganisms
defensins
broad-spectrum antimicrobial peoptides; increase inflammation respons
lipid in sebum and dermcidin in eccrine sweat
toxic to bacteria
cells
phagocytes
macrophages
develope from monocytes when leaving the blood stream; APC
neutrophils
most abundant type of WBC
Natural killer (NK) cells
poke hole onto cell mmbranes with perforin and release granzyme into the ICF
create apoptosis
lymphocytes
B cell
humoral immunity (pathogen outside of cell)
T cell
cellular immunity (pathogens inside the cell)
antigen-presenting
dendritic cell
phagocytize pathogens (skin/mucous membranes) then present antigens to T cells and B cell in lymph node
macrophages
phagocytize pathogens (connective tissue and lymphoid organs) then present to T cell and active itself, becoming coracious phagocytic killer
B cell
present antigens to helper T cell
The difference between HIV and AIDS.
HIV
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
attack CD4 cell (T helper cell)
AIDS
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
the late stage of HIV infection