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Chapter 5 ((especially in the industrialized nations,, their infuence is…
Chapter 5
especially in the industrialized nations,
their infuence is negligible in comparison to the effects of contraception. That is, the
birth rates observed in the United States, Canada, Europe, and Japan—among other
places—are principally the result of social and economic conditions, not organic
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. Demographic surveys, including the Current Population
Surveys (CPS) conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau, are a preferred source of fertility data. These studies provide detailed information on the number of births in the
most recent year, the number of children ever born, and the respondents’ ages at
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The opposite of fecundity, sterility, is the inability to conceive. This condition affects
approximately 10 percent of the U.S. population, varying according to age and other
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a continuing basis and are available from local sources and national governments,
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birth and fertility can be measured
in two alternative ways, by period or by cohort.
Period measures, based on a synchronous model, account for births that occur to women in one or more age groups
Cohort measures, based on a diachronic model, track the fertility performance of a specifc group of women of similar ages—an age cohort—through the duration of their reproductive years.
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four vital events: birth, death, in-migration,
and out-migration.
birth, fertility, reproduction,
and natality.
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Birth rates, of which the best known is the CBR (crude birth rate), are
measured in relation to the general or total population.
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Reproduction refers to the capacity for a population or subpopulation to sustain
its size from generation to generation.
natality, refers to the effect that birth
and fertility have on a population as a whole.
A woman’s level of fertility refers to the number of live births she has actually experienced at a specifc point in her life. T
fecundity, which is the physical capacity of a woman to give birth.
The three major sources of data for the analysis of fertility are vital statistics,
censuses, and sample surveys
Census enumerations provide several useful types of information for fertility analysis, such as the age distribution of a population and the number of children ever born
to women of various ages.