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Chapter 5: Birth and Fertility Measures, Theories, and Trends (Birth:The…
Chapter 5: Birth and Fertility Measures, Theories, and Trends
Birth:The events more precisely called "live birth", of a child being delivered and surviving at least momentarily.
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Period Measures:Measures, such as crude death rates, that apply to members of a population at a given date.
Cohort Measures:Measures of fertility based on the observation of a group of women born or married at the same time as they proceed through their reproductive years.
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Total Fertility Rate (TFR) :The weighted sum of all age-specific fertility rates for a given period.
Age- Specific Fertility Rate (ASFR):A measure of fertility based on the ratio of the number or children born to women of a given age and the number of women at that age.
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Zero Population Growth (ZPG) :The type of growth that occurs when births equal deaths, and thus the rate of natural increase = 0
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Gross Reproductive Rate (GRR) :A measure of the capacity for a population to maintain its size over the course of generations; it does not account for child or maternal mortality.
Net Reproduction Rate (NRR):The average number of female children born into population and who survive to reproduce.
Child- Woman Ratio (CWR):A measure of fertility based on census or other survey data that compares the number of children at or below a certain age (5 years) to the number of fertile women in the population.
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The Theory of Multiphasic Demographic Response: 1. The increase in the proportion of those who are celibate. 2. A Substantial increase in the age at marriage. 3. The use of contraception within marriage. 4. An increase in abortion and sterilization rates. 5. International Migration. And 6. Rual to Urban Migration.
Relative Deprivation:The perceived lack of material items during a period following more prosperous times.
The Theory of Intermediate Variables:
- Age of entry into the union.
- Permanent celibacy.
- The amount of time spent outside the union.
- Voluntary abstinence within marriage.
- Involuntary abstinence with marriage.
6.Coital frequency within marriage.
- Fecundity or infecundity from involuntary causes.
- Use or nonuse of contraception.
9.Fecundity or infecundity from involuntary causes.
- Fetal mortality through involuntary causes.
- Fetal mortality through voluntary causes.
Economic, Structural, and Cultural Theories:MONEY= IMPORTANT
COST OF LIVING= DETERMINES HOW MANY KIDS YOU HAVE.
PARENTS NOW HOW TO CHOSE TO WORK OR BE A STAY AT HOME PARENT.
Easterlin: Relative Income: Believes that the effect on income all has to do with the family's outlook on their income and the quality of life they want for their child.
Coale: The Role of Values and Custom: This theory explains the relationship between culture and the fertility rate. Some cultures only believe you should have one or two children where others believe you should have many.
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J. Caldwell: Wealth Flow Theory: 1982, West Africa, COMBINE CULTURAL AND STRUCTURAL APPROACHES. EDUCATION = IMPORTANT
Diffusion Theories: Believes that Ideas and suggestions is a determining factor on if the fertility rates increases or decreases.
World Fertility: Levels and Trends This section is talking about the fertility decline in Asia, Africa, and Latin America as well as talking about fertility in the United States and how it affected wars.
Baby Boom:The period of high fertility experienced in the United States and other countries following World War II.