Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Art and the Isms (A Brief Intro: Artists have been in a quest to…
Art and the Isms
A Brief Intro: Artists have been in a quest to represent the world as realistically as possible (optional and objective)
Their desire is to recreate what people see in the world.
Doryphoros -sculpture by Polykleitos The Spear carrier: anatomically perfect. Like living human being.
Rome - Painted garden from the villa of Livia. This art was done during the second style in roman paint. The goal of this period was to create the illusion of no walls. It is like you are looking out at a lemon groove.
Kritios boy from the acropolis Athens Greece - This beautiful statue is from 480 B.C. It is an almost perfect representation of a young male. It demonstrated how people actually stand. This technique is called Contrapposto
Villa of the Mysteries -This scene is from a villa in Pompeii. It covers three walls. It shows a young woman’s initiation into a cult. Romans in their search for realism has clearly been achieved.
Greece - No greek paintings have survived except vases. Mantiklos Apollo - This is a crude statue from 700 B.C. ~ around when Homer wrote the Odyssey. It is not very realistic at all.
Byzantine empire - best paintings in the early christian world. This shows the Bishop with clerical followers. They had sophisticated Christian art. It wasn't realistic, as everything was in straight posture. No background no landscape. The gold represents the spiritual world.
Ti watching a hippopotamus hunt - This is set in the papyrus beds. The scoring represents steams. The emperor was created in composite view. Easiest way to represent the human body.
Renaissance - Renaissance is the rebirth, rediscovery of Greek and Roman art. This was the first large scale attempt to go back to the knowledge of Greece and Rome. This is demonstrated in the statue of David.
Religion
Egypt- Religion has always operated against the search for realism in art. Religion is mostly concerned with an afterlife that is distinct from our spiritual world. Egyptain artists wanted their sculptures to look real but not to suggest that the emperor is “living” in the natural world.
Rome becomes Christian - The idea of representing the realistic world declined. There was a complete rejection of realistic technique. The realistic world, is a world full of sin. Christian artists wanted to represent the eternal world. There was also a decline in skill as well.
Raphael's School of Athens - Everything is perfect. This was the pinnacle of European painting. It is perfect perspective wise. It is optically real.
Egypt: Egyptians were the first culture to really get a handle on realism. They had Incredible and sophisticated statues. They made a true attempt at optical reality. However, this culture didn’t go any further beyond their first attempt. Egyptians got to a point of representing the human body rudimentary and stopped. For 3000 years they continued to create images of the human body like this. In real life, people don't stand like this or move like this.
Baroque, 1600 - Realism drove this period. The paintings concentrated on drama. This introduced energy, movement and dramatic lighting. This is the flagellation of christ, by caravaggio
The Rape of Proserpina -Bernini - This sculpture is dynamic. It is emotional but still realistic. The details in the hands is incredible.
The Waterseller of Seville - The Spanish artist Diego Velázquez, dating from 1618–1622. It is simple and not reflecting myth or aristocratic.
-
Rococo - late phase of the baroque. The Rape of Europa by Boucher. He was the most popular painter in France before the revolution. He did divine scenes. There are fat little angles. It was vaguely exotic. Sexualized art was fine as long as it was connected to greek myths. There is a combination of realism and mythic. This was the art of the aristocracy before the revolution. Right before neoclassicism.
Realism
In the 1840s, the artistic movement Realism emerged. Realists rejected Romanticism due to the exotic subject matter and the exaggerated emotionalism is portrayed. Realism in the arts sought to demonstrate the real and the typical. It highlighted the truth, and did not cover up the unpleasant or sordid details. This idea dramatically revolted against the previous artistic movement. Realist works depicted all social classes, ordinary tasks and emphasized the changes in society from the industrial revolution.
Earth toned palettes were used, not flamboyant colors in order to show the mundane and ignore the idealization usually found in Romantic art. Realists used a traditional and tighter painting style.
The Realist movement received criticism as it was seen as an attack on the upper classes. As the movement moved away from classical idealism and romantic emotionalism, it embraced the seriousness of the working class. Lower class people had the same importance as heroic subjects in art during the Realistic movement.
Gustave Courbet was the leading artist of the moment. He would only paint “what he could see”, and he rejected academic convention the style of the previous generation.
Neo-classicalism
Neo-classicalism was a movement that valued reason and intellect. It promoted the last great rediscovery of greek and Roman culture. It demonstrated the purity of classical style. Important ideas: desegno vs. colorito, coolness vs. passion, rectilinear vs. curvilinear, eventually a movement away from politics into style.
The U.S. Capitol - The design was influenced by Greeks and Roman. Cast iron was used for the extensions and the dome. Marble was used throughout the building, for its beauty, durability, and its ability to be carved easily. Sandstone was used because it was locally found in a government quarry and was easy to cut into shapes
Monticello This crucifix-like building has a marble portico that demonstrate greek architecture. There is a dome in the middle. Around the roof, there is marble fencing. Long, rectangular windows are on the walls. Everything is symmetrical around the central axis line of the door. The present styles are: Palladian, Neoclassical architecture, and Jeffersonian.
La Madeleine - The neoclassical characteristics in this building is size and scale, the simplicity of geometric forms, greek and roman details, and the massive columns and blank walls. Inside the church it has a raised alter and a sculpture done by Charles Marochetti of Mary Madeleine.
Jacques Louis David His historic paintings marked a change in taste away from Rococo frivolity toward classical austerity. In his time, he was regarded as the leading painter in France, and arguably all of Western Europe.His most famous works include "The Death of Marat" and "Napoleon Crossing the Alps."
Antoine-Jean Gros Gros was a French painter who traveled with Napoleons army for many years. He was renowned for his amazing portraits and battle scenes. Bonaparte at the Pont d’Arcole was a beautiful positing This image of Napoleon is of the ideal stron and wilfull individual typical of neoclassical art. Gros's painting foreshadows the Romantic era, reflected in the dynamic colour, the light-and-shade contrasts, and the temperamental painterly manner. Napoleon on the Battlefield of Eylau is another pairing that shows the reality of war.
Angelica Kauffman Kauffman was a skilled portraitist, landscape and decoration painter. She replicated many classical and Renaissance masterworks. She pursued historical painting, the field that was extremely male-dominated in the 18th century. Torn between music and painting was a self portrait. She recreates of theme in which Hercules, at the Crossroads, must choose between Luxury and Fame as she has her own crossroad in her life of music and painting.
Antonio Canova Canova is regarded as one of the greatest Neoclassical artists. His sculpture was inspired by the Baroque and Neoclassical periods. His works avoided the melodramatics of the baroque movement but also stayed away from the cold artificiality (ar-ti-fi-ci-al-i-ty) of the classical revival. His statues convey grace, beauty, and emotion.
Romanticism “Romanticism is precisely situated neither in choice of subject nor in exact truth, but in a way of feeling.” - Charles Baudelaire wrote in 1846
In the late 18th century, the Romantic movement originated as an artistic movement in France and Britain. Romanticism appeared as a response to the disillusionment of the Enlightenment’s values. One of the central ideas of Romanticism is the originality of the artist.
Romantic artists embodied the aesthetic of the sublime. Unpredictability, uncontrollable power, emotional intensity, and the conspicuous lack of a hero all define the Romantic movement.
The idea of individuality is also a central tenet of Romanticism, not just the overall demonstration of the awesomeness of nature. Subjective art contradicted the ideas of rationalism.
There was also exploration into the emotional states of humans and animals. Animals were seen as forces of nature and metaphors for human behavior.
In literature, important Romantic themes included spirituality and the divine, inspiration from the supernatural, the individual, non-conformity, and inner-experience.
This movement rejected the didacticism of historic Neo-Classical paintings. Imagination and exotic subjects inspired Romantic artists.
Impressionism
Berthe Morisot - Born in an affluent family, Morisot had an art education. Her impressionism stage was from 1875-1885. These paintings were full of color and light. She used a painting technique that captured fleeting shadows. and movement in her. art. Her subtle style made her one of the most influential painters of the French Impressionist school of art.
-
The Impressionist style has a lot of color and and paintings of outdoor scenes. The paintings are very bright and vibrant. This movement is characterized by thin but visible brush strokes and an emphasis on light. Impressionist paintings seem like the artist painted a moment in time.
Mary Cassatt - The only American impressionist in a Paris museum, Cassatt was known for her portraits of women, especially candid portrayals of mothers and their children. She used a light palette and loose brush strokes.
-
Vincent Van Gogh - Van Gogh’s main philosophy was to give happiness by creating art. After many failed attempts to copy the impressionist style, Van Gogh developed his own more bold and unconventional technique. He was often paranoid and lacked confidence as reflected in his art. Painting all day and night undermined his health.
Paul Gauguin - Gaugin was a pioneer symbolism (favors spirituality, the imagination, and dreams) and primitivism (aspires to recreate "primitive" experience with pre-historic peoples). HIs work is known for its solidity in form and unnatural colors. There are bright areas of color with heavy, dark outlines. He used bold and expressionistic brushstrokes and often added wax to his paintings to add softness and flow.
Paul Cezanne - Cézanne used a “broken brushwork” technique. Unlike the quick, sketch-like brushstrokes of other artists, Cézanne employed “constructive strokes“ that created geometric forms. Cézanne relied on this contrasting brushwork to “define the outlines of objects when their points of contact are tenuous and delicate.” He wanted to ignore fleeting changes and focus on the essential permanent shapes.
Georges Seurat - Seurat attuned Beaux-Arts, an. institute known for producing some of the finest artists in the world. Not only did he like painting, but he was interested in the science behind color and optical perspective. He is known for pointillism and chromoluminarism. His paintings almost have mathematical precision. It took him years to produce one piece.
Developed in the 1890s, this movement is characterized by the subjective approach to painting. Emotion was demonstrated in art rather than realism. Styles wildly varied due to the individual minds of the artists, but all post-impressionist paintings share some similar qualities. These include symbolic motifs, unnatural color, and painterly brushstrokes. There was an emphasis on symbolism, as artists were communicating subconscious messages.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
The characteristics of fauvism are radical, natural colors, emotional expression and bold brushstrokes. Artists chose to paint things in an unnatural way, the way they wanted to, not what objects should look like. The paint was not mixed before being applied to the canvas. Colors were used to demonstrate emotion. This style was part of the modern movement and was an important precursor to Cubism and Expressionism.
-
-
Expressionism
This movement originated in Germany around 1912. The idea of this periods that the artist would painting subjectively and portray emotions and. thoughts. rather than realistic objects. This allowed each artist or create art in their own unique way.
-
-
-
-
Surrealism
After WWI, Surrealism emerged as a movement that embraced the unnatural and symbolism. Transformations and the metaphorical where common themes. The audience felt alienation and uncertainty.
American Modernism
-
-
Precisionism: In the US, a group of artists known as the precisionist appeared who were associated with a very controlled approach to artist technique and form. The objects they painted were reduced to simple shape. This style used clear outlines and smooth surfaces. There was little detail. Common themes in this movement's work includes the celebration of technology, visual clarity, and nontraditional subject matter. They were distinctively American and denied European influence by choosing to paint American landscapes and culture, specifically urban settings.
Regionalism: This art movement grew primarily in the midwest. It included paintings and illustrations that depicted realistic rural/small-town American life. It was a response to the Great Depression. Within the movement there were stylistic differences between artists. However, the over all style was conservative and traditionalist. This style appealed to American sensibilities and opposed French art.
-
-
-
Giorgio De Chirico
Chirico was an Italian planter who's pieces represented the illogical. His motif was empty spaces, bright light, shadows and specific color tones. He created metaphorical painting. This style uses bright colors and mysterious figures/landscapes.
Max Ernst
Salvador Dali
Rene Magritte
Frida Kahlo
Juan Miro
Miro was a Catalan painter who's work was influenced by both abstract and surrealist art. He focused on the harshness of modern life in his paintings. He is known for landscapes, nudes and portraits. He liked to play with color and played with fauvism and cubism styles. His work grew political and criticized society during the Spanish Civil War.
-
Frida Kahlo was a Mexican painter who used colored self-portraits to show themes of identity, the human body and death. Although she did not label herself as a surrealist, her work is often shown in that genre. She often painted herself in traditional Tehuana dresses with flower crowns. She was a self taught artists.
-
Magritte was a Belgian painter who painted everyday objects in weird realities. Commons motifs in his work include the bowler hat, the castle, the rock, the window, and the female torso. He experimented with many styles including impressionism. He was not successful until he returned to painting enigmatic images.
-
Dali was a Spanish painter known for is. ability to depict the unconscious mind. Dali used hallucinogens to paint in a process called the paranoiac style. He is the world's most well known surrealist painter. He often painted bleak backgrounds with dim sunlight with irrational and uncomfortable images. Later in his life he shifted to a style inspired by Raphael.
-
Max Ernest was a German painter who inspired the subgenera of automatism. Automatism focused on the portrayal of the creativity of the unconscious. He advocated for. irrational art and used random pattern and textures. He also practiced experimentalism. He liked painting in the Dada style.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
As artists during this period were painting moods and emotions, figures were often distorted and or exaggerated
-
-
Although a lot of expressionist art was seen as disturbing, some of it was more abstract like Kandinsky's work.
-
-
-
-
Even though Beckmann is classified as an expressionist painter, he rejected the movement and associated himself with the New Objectivity (which valued unsentimental reality). Beckmann's work was bold and symbolic of the tragic events in the early 20th century.
-
Dix was known for his harsh and critical depictions of war and German society. He was also part of new objectivity (Neue Sachlichkeit).
-
Nolde was was part of the Die Brücke, a group of German expressionist artists. He painted violent religious depictions and grim landscapes. Nolde was known for extreme colors and brushwork.
-
Kirchner was a founding member of The Bridge (Die Brücke). Known as one of the most talented expressionists, he was motivated by fear and anxiety. He suffered a breakdown as was discharged from the German army. 600 of his paintings were destroyed by the Nazis.
-
Kokoschka created expressionist portraits and landscapes. When he was young, he was dismissed from art school as his work was considered disturbing. His paintings are characterized by bright colors and bold brushstrokes. He fled to England during WWII.
-
Originally an economist and lawyer, Kandinsky started painting when he was 30. He studied color theory and the connection between music and art. He taught at Bauhaus. His represented music in his work.
-
Klee's work was influenced by Cubism and Surrealism. He used a variety of mediums and he was known as a founder of abstract art.
-
Grosz did many caricatural drawings and paintings. He was part of New Objectivity group. His prints and drawings criticized society. During WWII his work targeted German Nationalism and he fled to the US.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Cubism was a style where artists painted all of the possible viewpoints of a person or an object in one piece.
-
The geometric touches grew so that they sometimes overtook the images there were trying to represent, creating more visual abstraction
The palette incldedgray, green and brown colors with little light
"The focus of the Cubist aesthetic, was to attack every accepted convention of standard painting"
-
