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Topic 5- Amounts of Substances (Concentrations of solutions (Mass = Volume…

- - - - Error = Difference between an experimental value & correct value
        Accuracy = Measure of how close values are to the actual value
        Precision = Measure of how close values are to each other
    - - Spectator ions = Ions present in the reaction mixture but aren't involved
      - Displacement reaction = More reactive element displaces a less reactive element
      - Reactions of acids
        
        Metal + Acid --> Salt + Hydrogen
        
        Metal oxide + Acid --> Salt + Water
        
        Metal hydroxide + Acid --> Salt + Water
        
        Metal carbonate + Acid ---> Salt + Water + Carbon dioxide
      - Precipitation reaction = When 2 aqueous compounds react to form one solid product
        
        Random error = Error caused by unpredictable variations in conditions e.g. Temp or pressure, repeating it will give an average value
        Systematic error = Errors that are constant due to the apparatus used, causes values to be too high/ too low & repeating this experiment wont give an accurate result due to the same apparatus used
        
        Measurement uncertainty = Error involved when an apparatus is used to make a measurement
        
        Burette Mu = +-0.05 cm3 (0.10cm3 as burette is read twice in titration)
        
        Pipette Mu = +-0.06cm3
        
        Volumetric flask Mu = +-0.3cm3
        
        2dp balance = +- 0.005g
        
        3dp balance = +-0.0005g
        
        Minimise errors by:
        
        Use precise equipment e.g. balance
        
        Plan the larger the measurement the smaller the uncertainty
        
        Use measuring instruments