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An elderly woman has history of osteoporosis, chronic type II diabetes…

- - - - the extra calcium is leaving the body through the urinary system
        
        Calcitriol is the active form of vitamin D
  - - - blood vessels get damaged in this process
        
        nephrons that filter your blood don’t receive the oxygen and nutrients they need to function well
        
        kidneys lose their ability to filter blood and regulate the fluid, hormones, acids and salts in the body
        
        can cause kidney disease or kidney failure if not treated
        
        damaged arteries are not able to deliver enough blood to the kidney tissue
    - - kidney damage and high blood pressure each contribute to a negative effect
        
        as more arteries become blocked and stop functioning, the kidneys eventually fail
        
        high blood pressure is the second leading cause of kidney failure
    - - women who have already gone through menopause are especially at risk
  - - - over time, this can damage the kidneys
        
        if the kidneys are damaged, waste and fluids build up in the blood instead of leaving the body
        
        which can cause diabetic nephropathy
        
        diabetes is the most common cause of kidney failure
- - - - in response to low blood oxygen levels, they secrete erythropoietin
        
        which stimulates red bone marrow to increase erythrocyte formation
      - regulate blood pressure by controlling fluid volume through urine loss by releasing renin
        
        an enzyme required for angiontensin II
        
        which increase blood pressure
      - may engage in gluconeogenisis
        
        maintain normal glucose levels in conditions of nutrient deprivation
      - synthesize the final enzyme in calcitriol formation
      - filter blood, remove waste products, and convert the filtrate into urine
    - - dense irregular C.T.
        
        help maintain shape, protect, and prevent infectious pathogens insult
    - - adipose C.T.
        
        provides cushioning to the kidneys
    - - dense irregular C.T.
        
        anchors kidneys
    - - adipose C.T.
        
        provides cushioning to the kidneys
    - - microscopic filtration unit
    - - bolbous region of a nephron located within the renal cortex
    - - conglomeration of capillary loops
    - - simple squamous epithelium
        
        also known as the gloerular capsule
    - - vascuar pole where arterioles attach to the glomerulus and the tubular pole where the renal tubule originates
    - - space between the visceral layer and parietal layers that receives filtrate
    - - portion of nephron that is composed of the proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, and distal convoluted tubule
  - - - both distenible and impermeable to the passage of urine
    - - composed of inner longitudinal and outer circular layer of smooth muscle cells
        
        3 layers of smooth muscle are called the detrusor muscle
    - - composed of an array of collagen and elastic fiber within areolar C.T.
  - - - area that remains immobile as the bladder fills and evacuates and function as a funnel for urine into the urethra
    - - mucosal folds that allow the bladder to undergo even greater distension
    - - dense irregular C.T. that supports the bladder
  - - - involuntary, surerior sphincter
    - - voluntary sphincter formed by skeletal muscle fibers of the urogenital diaphragm
- - - - water and solutes
  - - - solutes
- - - - pores in bones
      - as bones become more porous and fragile, the risk of fracture is greatly increased
        
        loss of bone occurs silently and progressively